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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
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      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
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      • Introduction to the Nervous System
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      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
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    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
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    • Respiratory System Physiology
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  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
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    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
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  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

The Respiratory System

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    Most people know that the human body can go only a matter of minutes without oxygen. However, equally as important, your body must get rid of potentially toxic carbon dioxide. These vital functions are taken care of, in part, by your respiratory system. The respiratory system works together with the circulatory system to deliver oxygen to your cells and to rid the cells of your body from carbon dioxide. The respiratory system and the circulatory system work so closely together that they are often referred to as one system called the cardiovascular system. The word "cardio" means "with air" and the word "vascular" refers to the vessels of the circulatory system. 

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The 3 major parts of the respiratory system are as follows:
  1. The Airways -  The function of the airways are to carry air between the lungs and the body’s exterior. 
    1. Nose
    2. Mouth
    3. Pharynx (Throat)
    4. Larynx (Voice Box)
    5. Trachea (Wind Pipe)
    6. Bronchi
    7. Bronchioles
  2. The Lungs - The lungs are the functional units of the respiratory system. The lungs function to allow the passage of oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body. 
  3. Muscles of Respiration​ - The muscles of respiration include the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. The muscles of respiration function as a pump expand and collapse the lungs which forces air into and out of the lungs during breathing.

The Oral and Nasal Cavities

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    Respiration begins with air entering the airways through the nasal cavity and the oral cavity (the mouth). The nasal cavity contains the nasal conchae, which contains several thin, scroll-shaped bony passages which function to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity. The nasal conchae function to warm and moisten the air we breath before it reaches the lungs. The nasal cavity is lined with hairs and sticky mucus that act to filter out some of the unwanted particles of the air such as allergens and viruses.

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The throat is called  the pharynx. 
The pharynx is separated into 3 regions;
​the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. 
The pharynx colloquially known as the throat. The larynx lie behind the oral and nasal cavities and and connects to the esophagus and the larynx. The pharynx is part of the digestive system and the respiratory system. In the respiratory system, The pharynx acts as an airway, along with the other structures of what is called "the conducting zone". The conducting zone includes the pharynx, the oral and nasal cavities, the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. These structures act as filters that warm and moisten air.  

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The Larynx

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    The larynx (voice box) connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea.
    The larynx begins with the epiglottis. The epiglottis functions to cover the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway.
​     The thyroid cartilage protects and surrounds the vocal cords. Inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ring-shaped cricoid cartilage which holds the larynx open. 

Anatomical Model of the Larynx

    The trachea functions to provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs.The trachea (windpipe) is a tube of cartilaginous rings lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.  The ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium contains cilia which act to traps unwanted particles like dust and other contaminants and prevents them from reaching the lungs. In addition to the cilia, this epithelium also has a number of goblet cells which function to secrete mucous. The mucous assists the cilia in trapping unwanted particles to prevent them from entering the lungs.  
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​The glottis is defined as the opening between the vocal cords. The vocal cords function is to vibrate, producing different vocalizations used for communication. 
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The Lungs and the Bronchial Tree

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    The function of the lungs in to house the smaller branches of the bronchial tree (from the secondary bronchi to the bronchioles). The trachea diverges inferiorly to form the primary bronchi. The primary bronchi continue to branch to form the secondary and tertiary bronchi and so on. The smallest fine branches of the bronchial tree are the bronchioles.  followed by the fine branches of the bronchioles and terminal bronchioles, which funnel air into the alveoli of the lungs.
     The alveoli are lined with thin simple squamous epithelium that allows air entering the alveoli to exchange its gases with the blood passing through the capillaries. The alveoli function as the main sites of gas exchange. 
    The lungs lie on either side of the heart superior to the diaphragm. The lungs are surrounded by the visceral pleura that allows space for expansion. The parietal pleura is the outer membrane which is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity. It also separates the pleural cavity from the mediastinum. ​The left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung to make room for the heart. The left lung only has 2 lobes, while the right lung has 3.  

The bronchioles are the narrowest airways of the lungs. The bronchioles function to deliver air to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. 
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Anatomical Models of the Lungs

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Histology of Lung Tissue
The bronchioles are lined by  simple ciliated columnar epithelium, and the trachea is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Both of these epithelia also contain goblet cells which produce mucous.
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Lungs
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Lungs
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Lungs
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Lungs
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Lungs
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Lungs with Emphysema

Histology of the Trachea

The trachea is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, whereas the bronchioles are lined by  simple ciliated columnar epithelium. Both of these epithelia also contain goblet cells which produce mucous.
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The Muscles of Respiration

The Diaphragm
    The diaphragm is a muscle that lies below the lungs that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and functions to force air into and out of the lungs, along with the intercostal muscles. 
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    The diaphragm is the main muscle of respiration.  When the diaphragm contracts, it moves down (inferiorly) inches into the abdominal cavity. When thus occurs, the area inside of the lungs gets larger (the lungs expand) which pulls air into the lungs passively through simple diffusion. In a similar manner, when the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs shrink and air is expelled out of the lungs. 
The Intercostal Musles
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INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
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EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
The external and internal intercostal muscles lie between the ribs and function to assist the diaphragm with expanding and compressing the lungs during respiration. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles elevates the ribs to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity which assists inhalation. The internal intercostal muscles function in the opposite manner; they relax during inhalation and contract during forceful exhalation. 
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