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    • Anatomy Basics
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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
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    • Fertility and Conception
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      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
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    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
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      • The Basics
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    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
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    • Introduction to The Cell
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    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
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      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
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      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
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      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
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      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
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  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
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    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
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    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
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    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
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    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
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    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
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    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
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  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
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    • Anatomy Basics
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      • Levels of Organization
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      • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Cells Portal
      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
      • The Cell Cycle
      • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
    • Tissues Portal SAC
      • The Integumentary System
      • Epithelial Tissues
      • Connective Tissue
      • Muscle Tissue
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
    • The Nervous System
      • Introduction to the Nervous System
      • Nervous Tissue
      • The Brain - Anat
      • The Ear - Sensory Organs
      • The Eye - Sensory Organs
    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • The Renal System
    • The Respiratory System
    • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PORTAL
      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic - Physio
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC - Physio
    • Chemical Bonds - Physio
    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
    • Lymphatic System
    • Respiratory System Physiology
    • Renal System
    • Digestive System
    • Reproductive System
  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
    • Lab 2 - Osmosis
    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
      • The Epidermis rio
      • Connective Tissue
  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

​Fossil Fuels

A Short Video Introduction to Fossil Fuels!

Click on the Slide Show Below to Navigate!

​FOSSIL FUELS
​What is "all the fuss" about, anyway?

   Extracting mineral and fossil-fuel resources has always had widespread effects. These include economic benefits to communities, including jobs and taxes, and the resulting resources are used around the world. Extraction can also cause major health and environmental impacts to individuals and communities, many of whom do not share in the benefits.

​FOSSIL FUELS - What is all the fuss about?


  Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—supply over 80% of the energy used in North America. The world's richest countries use the vast majority of non-renewable energy resources on the planet. Fossil-fuel resources are concentrated in only a few countries.
  • Saudi Arabia (13%), Russia (13%), United States (12%), China (5%), Canada (5%), Iran (4%), Iraq (4%), Kuwait (4%), United Arab Emirates (4%) and Venezuela (4%). ​

​Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources.

​  Why can’t we just “make more”?

​   Although natural processes are still forming fossil fuels, they are forming far too slowly (on a scale of millions of years) to replace the fossil-fuel reserves we are using. Fossil-fuel formation does not keep pace with use, and as fossil fuels are used up, we will have to switch to other forms of energy.
What is COAL?
  • Coal forms from prehistoric plants that lived three-hundred million years ago (300,000,000mya).
  • When plants die, the matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite.
  • This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time.
  • What is COAL?
  • DIAMONDS ARE NOT MADE FROM COAL!
  • Diamonds are made in the Earth’s Mantle in a time before plants or animals existed!
  • Coal is made in the Earth’s Crust from prehistoric plants!
  • FUN FACT!  DIAMONDS ARE NOT MADE FROM COAL!
  • The formation of natural diamonds requires very high temperatures and pressures. These conditions occur in limited zones of Earth's mantle about 90 miles below the surface where temperatures are at least 2000 degrees Fahrenheit.
    • Coal fires
    • oil
OIL
What is coal?
  •  A black, combustible solid composed mainly of carbon, water, and trace elements found in Earth’s crust; formed from ancient plants that lived millions of years ago.
  • Oil is another fossil fuel formed more than 300 million years ago from tiny aquatic creatures, mostly diatoms.
  • Diatoms are sea creatures the size of a pin head.
  • They do one thing just like plants; they can convert sunlight directly into stored energy.
  • Diatoms are a major group of algae, and are among the most common types of phytoplankton.
  • Diatoms are unicellular, although they can form colonies in the shape of filaments or ribbons, fans, zigzags, or stars.
  • OIL
  • Oil formed when large numbers of microscopic aquatic organisms died and settled in the sediments.
  • As these organisms accumulated, their decomposition depleted the small amount of oxygen present in the sediments.
  •  The resultant oxygen-deficient environment prevented further decomposition.
  • Over time, the dead remains were covered and buried deeper in the sediments.
  • Although we do not know the basic chemical reactions that produce oil, the heat and pressure caused by burial presumably aided in the conversion of these remains to the mixture of hydrocarbons (molecules containing carbon and hydrogen) known as oil.
The recipe for oil
  • Diatoms died they fell to the sea floor (1). Here they were buried under sediment and other rock (2). The rock squeezed the diatoms and the energy in their bodies could not escape. The carbon eventually turned into oil under great pressure and heat. As the earth changed and moved and folded, pockets where oil and natural gas can be found were formed (3).
OBJECTIVES
  • Define fossil fuel and distinguish among coal, oil, and natural gas.
  • Describe the processes that formed coal, oil, and natural gas.
  • Relate fossil fuels to the carbon cycle.
  • What are fossil fuels?
What are fossil fuels?
Definition of fossil fuels-
  •    Combustible deposits in Earth’s crust, that are from the decayed matter of prehistoric organisms that existed millions of years ago.

The 3 types of Fossil Fuels Are:
  1.                Coal
  2.                Oil (petroleum)
  3.                Natural gas
Where do Fossil Fuels Come from?
  • THE BETTER QUESTION TO START WITH IS WHEN DO FOSSIL FUELS COME FROM!
  • The Carboniferous Era -   Three hundred million years ago, the climate of much of Earth was mild and warm, and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were higher. Vast swamps were filled with plant species that have long since become extinct. Many of these plants—horsetails, ferns, and club mosses—were as large as trees


The Carboniferous Era

The Carboniferous Era spanned from 359 million to 299 million years ago.
  • Tropical swamps dominated the Earth, and the lignin stiffened trees grew to greater heights and number.
  • As the bacteria and fungi capable of eating the lignin had not yet evolved, their remains were left buried, which created much of the carbon that became the coal deposits of today (hence the name "Carboniferous").
  • The Carboniferous Era
  • Perhaps the most important evolutionary development of the time was the evolution of amniotic eggs, which allowed amphibians to move farther inland and remain the dominant vertebrates for the duration of this period.
  • Also, the first reptiles and synapsids evolved in the swamps.
  • Throughout the Carboniferous, there was a cooling trend, which led to the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation or the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse. 

  • The recipe for fossil fuels
  • A fossil fuel is composed of the remnants of organisms, compressed in an oxygen-free environment.
  • Fossil fuels resulted from photosynthesis that captured solar energy millions of years ago.
 
NOT ALL PREHISTORIC PLANTS TURNED INTO FOSSIL FUELS
 

  • So, in order for a prehistoric plant to make fossil fuels, it must have been in a swamp where it was covered by water when it died.
  • This would have protected the plant from decomposers

  • Their watery grave prevented the plants from decomposing much;
  • wood-rotting fungi cannot act on plant material where oxygen is absent,
  • anaerobic bacteria, which thrive in oxygen-deficient environments, do not decompose wood rapidly.
  • Over time, more and more dead plants piled up.
  • As a result of periodic changes in sea level, sediment (mineral particles deposited by gravity) accumulated, forming layers that covered the plant material.
  • Aeons passed, and the heat and pressure that accompanied burial converted the nondecomposed plant material into a carbon-rich rock called coal and converted the layers of sediment into sedimentary rock. Much later, geologic upheavals raised these layers so that they were nearer Earth’s surface.
​

Ancient Oil & Gas
  • The first evidence for oil product usage was from a very long time ago – natural bitumen has been found on stone tools from Neanderthal sites in Syria dating from ~40,000 years ago.
  • Oil has been used for more than 5,000-6,000 years.
  • The ancient Egyptians, used liquid oil as a medicine for wounds
  • Oil has been used in lamps to provide light.
  • Used as a building material
  • Used for water-proofing
  • Used in embalming
FOSSIL FUELS, THE CARBON CYCLE, AND CLIMATE
  • Burning of fossil fuels represents the completion of the carbon cycle, part of a natural system.
  • Normally, solar energy and carbon dioxide are captured through photosynthesis, stored for weeks or years, then consumed and released.
  • In the case of fossil fuels, however, the energy and carbon accumulated over millions of years but are now being released in just a few hundred years.
  • The carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentration of the atmosphere is rapidly increasing from levels associated with a relatively cool climate to levels associated with a substantially warmer climate.
  •   Energy density -  The amount of energy contained within a given volume of an energy source.
What is Natural Gas?
  • Natural gas is a mixture of energy-rich gaseous hydrocarbons (primarily methane) that occurs, often with oil deposits, in Earth’s crust.
  • It composed primarily of the simplest hydrocarbon, methane (CH4) formed in essentially the same way as oil, only at higher temperatures, typically greater than 100ºC.
  • Over millions of years, as the remains of organisms were converted to oil or natural gas, the sediments covering them were transformed into sedimentary rock, including sandstone and shale.
  • Use of natural gas is increasing in three main areas—generation of electricity, transportation, and commercial cooling.
  • Natural gas as a fuel for trucks, buses, and automobiles offers significant environmental advantages over gasoline or diesel: Natural gas vehicles emit up to 93% fewer hydrocarbons, 90% less carbon monoxide, 90% fewer toxic emissions, and almost no soot.
  • Engines that use natural gas are essentially the same as those that burn gasoline.
  •  As a fuel, natural gas can be cheaper than gasoline.
  • The main disadvantage of natural gas is that deposits are often located far from where the energy is used.
  • Because it is a gas and is less dense than a liquid, natural gas costs four times more to transport through pipelines than crude oil.
  • To transport natural gas over long distances, it is first compressed to form liquefied natural gas (LNG), then carried on specially constructed refrigerated ships
  • What would happen if we suddenly had no oil?
  • How Long Will Oil and Natural Gas Supplies Last?
  • It is difficult to project when the world will run out of oil and natural gas, but by some estimates even with oil from shale deposits, the peak level of oil production may have already passed, meaning that global resources are in decline.
  • In contrast, shale deposits could mean many more decades of ample, inexpensive natural gas.

   In April 2010, over 4 million barrels of crude oil spilled into the Gulf of Mexico from the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform. An underwater pipeline exploded killing 11 workers. Crude oil contaminated the ocean floor and the coast of the southern United States, killing wildlife and causing extensive ecological damage.
 

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