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      • The Integumentary System
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      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
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      • Introduction to the Nervous System
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    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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      • THE HEART
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    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
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      • The Epidermis
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    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
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    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
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    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
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      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
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      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

Check out Anatomical Position terminology page

 Anatomical Position

REMEMBER: Whenever we discuss anatomical positions or planes, we are referring to the human body in the upright position, legs slightly separated, and palms facing forward (see image).
Picture
Picture

What to know before you read this page...
​On the anatomical positions and terminology page, we define the following terms:
​
Anterior = Front
Posterior = Behind
Superior = Above
Inferior = Below
Proximal = Close
Distal = Far
Superficial = Surface
Deep = Inward 
Midline = Down the Middle
Medial = Middle (Towards the Midline)
Lateral = Side (Away from Midline)

Body Planes and Sections

What is a Plane?

Here we will start by making the connection between mathematics and body planes.
(And you though Cartesian coordinate system had no real-world applications!)

In mathematics, you learned about the 3 planes of existence. We live and experience the physical world in 3D! (And you didn't even need 3D glasses!)​ 3D means 3 dimensions. The Cartesian coordinate system depicts the 3 dimensions of our reality as shown in the image here. 
                             
Picture
The X, Y, Z Cartesian Coordinate System
   IMAGE: ​https://i.stack.imgur.com/PNwDU.png

 
The first dimension is a number line, noted in the Cartesian coordinate system as 'X'. A number line has only 1 dimension. That means that there is only left or right. No other "directionality" is possible in a world with only one dimension.
Picture
The second dimension 'Y' is then added to the first dimension 'X'  to form a 2-dimensional grid. This gives us a flat plane of existence in which left, right, up and down are now possible. 

​When we talk about PLANES, we are talking about the 2-dimensional geometric plan of existence, shown below. 
Picture
X, Y Cartesian Coordinate System
SInce humans  (and all tangible matter humans know of) are not flat, we need to add a 3rd dimension to our Cartesian Coordinate system. Adding the 'Y' dimension, gives us depth.
Picture
This is important because we can superimpose the human form on this 3-dimensional grid and pinpoint with utmost accuracy any point inside the human body. 
Picture


​

How are anatomical planes used?

Being able to pinpoint any specific point in a person's body is necessary for such advances in cancer treatments such as tomotherapy. MRI and CT Scan images are used along with sophisticated computer software to accurately calculate the precise location in need of attention. Afterwards, a computer can guide and direct electron beams (or other radiation) to kill the affected tissue while preserving the healthy surround tissue.

These advances have not only increased the survival rate of cancer patients, but have drastically reduced the unpleasant, and often debilitating, side effects of chemotherapy or traditional radiotherapy techniques. 
Image From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_plane#/media/File:Human_anatomy_planes.jpg 
So, on this page we will be looking at planes!

We are not talking about the planes that fly through the air. We are talking about how a person is sliced...  

OK that sounds pretty morbid...

Let's think about it this way. Take a loaf of bread. There are a lot of different ways to slice bread. You can bread into cut cross-sections (or coronal sections) like a loaf of bread. Or you can cut bread length-wise (sagittal section) like a hot dog bun. You can even cut the bread horizontally (transverse sections
) separating the top from the bottom, like we see in a sliced bagel.
The Anatomical Planes of... Bread?
Picture
Coronal Sections
Picture
Sagittal Sections
Picture
Transverse Sections
Anatomical Planes Like the bread examples above, are very useful for communicating where a point of interest is located within the human body (or any body, for that matter). In anatomy we have three basic planes of sectioning through the body.
The 3 main planes of the body are:
1) sagittal
2) coronal
3) transverse

On the 3-Dimensional Cartesian Coordinate System, the 'X', 'Y' and 'Z' lines intersect at what is called the origin (a.k.a. 0, 0, 0). The 'X' axis is the line that runs horizontally (right and left). The 'Y' axis is the vertical line running up and down. The 'Z' axis is the line that is going into the computer screen and out of the computer screen, giving us our dimension of depth. (You'll have to use your imagination here, until they make computer screens that are 3-Dimensional!)  
Sheldon Expresses his Favorite Spot as a Position on a 4-Dimensional Cartesian Coordinate System.
​(The 4th Dimension, for those of you wondering, is the dimension of time.)
Picture
If we orient our human on the grid above, in the anatomical position, the body would be facing forward, the head and feet would be located along the 'Y' axis and the arms would be located along the 'X' axis.

The sagittal plane would be Y, Z, the coronal plane would be X, Y and the transverse plane would be X, Z. Compare the image below to the 3-Dimensional Cartesian Coordinate System above.  

Anatomical Planes of the Human Body

Picture

​The plane shown in BLUE is the coronal plane.

The plane shown in GREEN is the transverse plane (also called a cross section).

The plane shown in RED and the plane shown in YELLOW are both sagittal planes, but they can also be referred to as...

The plane shown in RED is the sagittal plane that is exactly at the midline and it can be more specifically referred to as the midsagittal plane.


The plane shown in YELLOW is called a parasagittal plane. When a sagittal plane is moved either right or left from the midline, it is considered a parasagittal plane. 

The Sagittal Plane

Picture
The sagittal plane runs vertically through the body dividing the body into the left (sinister) and right (dexter) sides . 

Oblique

Picture
Oblique sections are not very useful in most situations in medicine. It is rare to see this type of section done in histology or when using imaging techniques. However, this term can be used to characterize the angle of a wound.

Transverse Plane

Picture
The transverse plane separates the body horizontally. A "transverse section" can also be called a "cross-section" of the body. This plane separates the superior (or upper) part of the body from the inferior (or lower)  part of the body. 

Coronal Plane

Picture
The coronal plane (also known as the frontal plane) divides the body into front (ventral or anterior) portion of the body) and back (posterior or dorsal) portion of the body. 
Picture

Practice Your Planes!


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