Before We Get Started...
What to know before you read this page... On the anatomical positions and terminology page, we define the following terms: Anterior = Front Posterior = Behind Superior = Above Inferior = Below Proximal = Close Distal = Far Superficial = Surface Deep = Inward Midline = Down the Middle Medial = Middle (Towards the Midline) Lateral = Side (Away from Midline) |
REMEMBER: Whenever we discuss anatomical positions or planes, we are referring to the human body in the upright position, legs slightly separated, and palms facing forward (see image above).
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Body Planes and Sections
What is a Plane?
Here we will start by making the connection between mathematics and body planes. (And you though Cartesian coordinate system had no real-world applications!)
In mathematics, you learned about the 3 planes of existence. We live and experience the physical world in 3D! (And you didn't even need 3D glasses!) 3D means 3 dimensions. The Cartesian coordinate system depicts the 3 dimensions of our reality as shown in the image here.
Here we will start by making the connection between mathematics and body planes. (And you though Cartesian coordinate system had no real-world applications!)
In mathematics, you learned about the 3 planes of existence. We live and experience the physical world in 3D! (And you didn't even need 3D glasses!) 3D means 3 dimensions. The Cartesian coordinate system depicts the 3 dimensions of our reality as shown in the image here.
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The X, Y, Z Cartesian Coordinate System
IMAGE: https://i.stack.imgur.com/PNwDU.png |
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The first dimension is a number line, noted in the Cartesian coordinate system as 'X'. A number line has only 1 dimension. That means that there is only left or right. No other "directionality" is possible in a world with only one dimension.
The second dimension 'Y' is then added to the first dimension 'X' to form a 2-dimensional grid. This gives us a flat plane of existence in which left, right, up and down are now possible.
When we talk about PLANES, we are talking about the 2-dimensional geometric plan of existence, shown below.
When we talk about PLANES, we are talking about the 2-dimensional geometric plan of existence, shown below.
X, Y Cartesian Coordinate System
SInce humans (and all tangible matter humans know of) are not flat, we need to add a 3rd dimension to our Cartesian Coordinate system. Adding the 'Y' dimension, gives us depth.
This is important because we can superimpose the human form on this 3-dimensional grid and pinpoint with utmost accuracy any point inside the human body.
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How are anatomical planes used?
Being able to pinpoint any specific point in a person's body is necessary for such advances in cancer treatments such as tomotherapy. MRI and CT Scan images are used along with sophisticated computer software to accurately calculate the precise location in need of attention. Afterwards, a computer can guide and direct electron beams (or other radiation) to kill the affected tissue while preserving the healthy surround tissue. These advances have not only increased the survival rate of cancer patients, but have drastically reduced the unpleasant, and often debilitating, side effects of chemotherapy or traditional radiotherapy techniques. |
Image From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_plane#/media/File:Human_anatomy_planes.jpg
So, on this page we will be looking at planes!
We are not talking about the planes that fly through the air. We are talking about how a person is sliced...
OK that sounds pretty morbid...
Let's think about it this way. Take a loaf of bread. There are a lot of different ways to slice bread. You can bread into cut cross-sections (or coronal sections) like a loaf of bread. Or you can cut bread length-wise (sagittal section) like a hot dog bun. You can even cut the bread horizontally (transverse sections) separating the top from the bottom, like we see in a sliced bagel.
We are not talking about the planes that fly through the air. We are talking about how a person is sliced...
OK that sounds pretty morbid...
Let's think about it this way. Take a loaf of bread. There are a lot of different ways to slice bread. You can bread into cut cross-sections (or coronal sections) like a loaf of bread. Or you can cut bread length-wise (sagittal section) like a hot dog bun. You can even cut the bread horizontally (transverse sections) separating the top from the bottom, like we see in a sliced bagel.
The Anatomical Planes of... Bread?
Coronal Sections
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Sagittal Sections
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Transverse Sections
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Anatomical Planes Like the bread examples above, are very useful for communicating where a point of interest is located within the human body (or any body, for that matter). In anatomy we have three basic planes of sectioning through the body.
The 3 main planes of the body are:
1) sagittal
2) coronal
3) transverse
The 3 main planes of the body are:
1) sagittal
2) coronal
3) transverse
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On the 3-Dimensional Cartesian Coordinate System, the 'X', 'Y' and 'Z' lines intersect at what is called the origin (a.k.a. 0, 0, 0). The 'X' axis is the line that runs horizontally (right and left). The 'Y' axis is the vertical line running up and down. The 'Z' axis is the line that is going into the computer screen and out of the computer screen, giving us our dimension of depth. (You'll have to use your imagination here, until they make computer screens that are 3-Dimensional!)
Sheldon Expresses his Favorite Spot as a Position on a 4-Dimensional Cartesian Coordinate System.
(The 4th Dimension, for those of you wondering, is the dimension of time.) |
If we orient our human on the grid above, in the anatomical position, the body would be facing forward, the head and feet would be located along the 'Y' axis and the arms would be located along the 'X' axis.
The sagittal plane would be Y, Z, the coronal plane would be X, Y and the transverse plane would be X, Z. Compare the image below to the 3-Dimensional Cartesian Coordinate System above. |
Anatomical Planes of the Human Body
The plane shown in BLUE is the coronal plane.
The plane shown in GREEN is the transverse plane (also called a cross section).
The plane shown in RED and the plane shown in YELLOW are both sagittal planes, but they can also be referred to as...
The plane shown in RED is the sagittal plane that is exactly at the midline and it can be more specifically referred to as the midsagittal plane.
The plane shown in YELLOW is called a parasagittal plane. When a sagittal plane is moved either right or left from the midline, it is considered a parasagittal plane.
The Sagittal Plane
The sagittal plane runs vertically through the body dividing the body into the left (sinister) and right (dexter) sides .
Oblique
Oblique sections are not very useful in most situations in medicine. It is rare to see this type of section done in histology or when using imaging techniques. However, this term can be used to characterize the angle of a wound. |
Transverse Plane
The transverse plane separates the body horizontally. A "transverse section" can also be called a "cross-section" of the body. This plane separates the superior (or upper) part of the body from the inferior (or lower) part of the body. Coronal Plane
The coronal plane (also known as the frontal plane) divides the body into front (ventral or anterior) portion of the body) and back (posterior or dorsal) portion of the body. |
