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    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
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    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
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  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
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      • mitosis
    • Tissues Portal SAC
      • The Integumentary System
      • Epithelial Tissues
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      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
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      • Introduction to the Nervous System
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    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
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    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
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      • The Epidermis
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    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
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    • Course Information
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    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
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      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
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      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
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      • Photosynthesis
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      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
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  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
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      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
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        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

Check Out the Slide Show for Extra Practice!

Tissues

      The word "tissue" is derived from the word meaning "woven". This indicates the intimate structural and functional relationship that exists between the cells in a given tissue. Tissues are made up of a group of cells that have similar origins and serve a specific function in the body. Cells in a tissue are physically arranged in such a way to serve their unique purpose. This is another illustration of the complementarity between structure and function. 

Epithelial Tissue
   Beauty That is More Than Skin Deep

  Epithelial cells line your internal and external surfaces, your cavity linings and most of your organs. These tissues are selectively permeable which allows them to carry out different functions that can include absorption, filtration and secretion. For example, the epithelium that lines your small intestines allows for nutrients to be absorbed by the processes of diffusion and active transport and the epithelium that lines your kidneys acts to filter out urinary waste.
​
Picture

via GIPHY

GIF Animation courtesy of gifsoup.com/view/5132402/skin-anatomy.html
Most of your epithelium is considered "epithelium proper", ​which refers to epithelium that lines your organs, your body cavities and all of your body's inner and outer surfaces. The main function of epithelium proper is protection.

     You also have ​glandular epithelium 
that forms most of your body's glands. Glandular epithelium acts to secrete hormones for your endocrine system.

The Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

1. Cellularity 

-  ​Epithelial tissue is made up of tightly packed epithelial cells that are connected to one another to form sheets. 

2. Special Connections Between Cells 


  • Tight junctions  are integral proteins that fuse adjacent cells together to create a continuous sheet of cells that prevents molecules from passing through the intercellular space.
  • Desmosomes are essentially internal tension-reducing networks of fibers that anchor adjacent cell to each other and are specially suited to resist mechanical stress. 
  • Gap junction s - Communicating junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass for cell-to-cell  communication.
2. Polarity - A cell is considered 'polar' when one end  is different from the other end. Epithelial cells are 'polar', because they have an 'upper' and an 'lower' portion. The top of the epithelial cell is called the apical side. The apical  side usually has cilia or microvilli which act to move extracellular substances along. The bottom portion of  epithelial tissue is called the basal side. The basal side of the tissue is connected to a basal membrane.The  basement membrane is composed of collagen fibers and it function to connect your epithelial tissue to the           underlying connective tissue. 
Picture

3. Avascular, but Innervated- Your epithelium does not have its own blood supply, so it must get its nutrients from the nearby connective tissue.  Your nervous system, however, does connect to the epithelial cells. 
4. Supported by connective tissue -  As previously stated, the bottom portion of epithelial tissue is called the basal side. The basal side of the tissue is connected to a basal membrane.The basement membrane is composed of collagen fibers and it function to connect your epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue. 
5. 
High regenerative capacity–Epithelial cells  can be replaced fairly rapidly to replaces old or damaged cells. This is an important property for wound repair. 
 Although there are many types of cells in the human body, they are all organized into four broad categories of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Each tissue type has a unique physical structure that allows it to serve specific functions in your body. Many diseases become evident at the microscopic level. The field of histology specializes in detecting and analyzing the fine microscopic anatomy of tissues, for diagnostic purposes.

via GIPHY

TRY OUT YOUR SKILLS WITH THIS QUIZ!   Updated  - 02/21/2017

The Four Tissue Types

Epithelial Tissue

YOU ARE HERE
Picture

Connective Tissue

Go to Connective Tissue Section
Picture

Muscle
​Tissue

Go to muscle tissue section
Picture

Nervous
​Tissue

Go to nervous tissue section
Picture

How Are Different Epithelial Types Named?
What's in a name?

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Epithelial tissue has a first name and a last name, so to speak. Epithelial tissue is named according ts layering first, followed by the shape of the epithelial cells that make up that layer. 

 The first name = LAYERING
   
 Epithelial tissue is composed of one or more cell layers. When the tissue is composed of only one layer we refer to the tissue as being "simple". When the epithelial tissue is composed of two or more layers, it is referred to as "stratified". ​The word "stratified" literally means "layered", which also makes sense. ​  
​
​
The last name = SHAPE 
  
 Epithelial tissue can be form from epithelial cells that have varies shapes. The last name of the tissue describe the appearance of the cells that make up the tissue. 


There are three principal shapes of epithelial cell: squamous, columnar, and cuboidal. 

Squamous

Picture

Cuboidal

Picture

Columnar

Picture
When we name tissues, we begin with the layering reference, followed by the shape reference. For example, a single layer of squamous epithelium is called, "simple squamous epithelium".  A single layer of columnar epithelium is called, "simple columnar epithelium". And, as you would expect, a single layer of cuboidal epithelium would be called "simple cuboidal epithelium".

Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial cells that appear flat, are called squamous epithelial cells. A tissue that is made up of squamous epithelial cells is called squamous epithelial tissue. If the squamous epithelial tissue has only one layer, we call it simple squamous epithelial tissue. If the squamous epithelial tissue has more than one layer of squamous epithelial cells, it is called stratified squamous epithelial tissue. 
Picture
     The terminology used for the shape of epithelial tissues is easier to remember than a lot of other terms thrown at you in anatomy class. For once, the vocabulary matches the tissue's appearance. For example, the word "squamous" means "covered in scales".

​    
Squamous epithelium gets its name from its "scale-like" appearance. You could also think of squamous epithelium as appearing "squished", "squashed" or flattened. In addition, the nuclei of squamous epithelial cells are flattened as well. The nuclei of squamous cells tend to take up a lot of nuclear stain, so they will appear relatively dark. Squamous cells are flat.


Picture
​

​     The main function of simple squamous epithelial tissue is to allow diffusion or filtration. For example, the alveolar sacs of the lungs are lined with simple squamous epithelial tissue that allows for the diffusion of gases between nearby blood vessels (specifically capillaries) and the lungs. Simple squamous epithelial tissue also lines your heart, your blood vessels and your lymphatic vessels. All of these areas depend upon diffusion of gases for proper functioning. 

Slides of Simple Squamous Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                                                                               Know THIS slide for the practical exam!
What
Where
Function
tips
Simple Squamous Epithlium
Alveoli Sacs in Lungs and Blood Vessels
Allow diffusion of gasses
Separated Cells look like sunny-side up fried egg
Picture

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in organs that are specialized for secretion, such as salivary glands and thyroid follicles, and those that are specialized for diffusion, such as the kidney tubules. As its name implies, this tissue consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells on the basement membrane.
Picture

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - appears as a set of somewhat organized "cubes". Cuboidal cells are seen packed more tightly together in tissues than squamous cells.   The nuclei of cuboidal epithelial cells usually appear round and are located at the center of the cell.  

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in organs that are specialized for secretion, such as salivary glands and thyroid follicles, and those that are specialized for diffusion, such as the kidney tubules. The main function of simple cuboidal cells in glands is secretion and absorption. The main function in the kidney tubules is diffusion. The slide we have for the practical are from the kidney tubules. 

Slides of simple cuboidal epitheliual tissue taken from kidney tubules. This accounts for the circular arrangement of the cells. The simple cuboidal epithelial tissue appears as a single layer of cube-like cells. The nuclei are relatively large, round and centrally located within the cuboidal cells.  
Slides of Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
(Kidney Tubules)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Know THIS slide for the practical exam!
Picture
Picture
What
Where
Function
Tips
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Glands and Kidney Tubules
Secreteion in Gland,
Absorption in Kidney Tubules
Single layer of cube-shaped cells arranged in a circle (since this slide is from the kidney tubules). Nuclei are very round and centered in each cell.

Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue

Picture


Columnar epithelium looks long and cylindrical, kind of like "columns". Even the nuclei of columnar cells appear elongated into an ellipse. The nuclei of columnar epithelial cells are oriented toward the bottom (or basal side) of the cell (closer to the basement membrane).
​     
     Columnar cells are specialized for absorption and secretion. They are able to 
secrete mucus, enzymes, and other substances the body needs. Columnar epithelial tissue is found in our stomach lining where they create and secrete mucus.
     
​This function requires the cell to have a lot of
machinery, so the columnar cells have to be large. 

Depending on the location of the tissue, some simple columnar epithelia may contain columnar cells that have cilia at their apical surfaces and may contain goblet cells.
CILIA - The cilia move mucus and other substances along a path. These cells can be found in the bronchial mucosa, which is part of the respiratory system where they function to prevent mucus from building up and blocking the airways. The bronchial mucosa also contains goblet cells which function to secrete mucus. ​​
Picture

via GIPHY

Picture

Slides of Simple Columnar Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
ON PRACTICAL Simple Columnar Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium

Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

If the squamous epithelial tissue has more than one layer of squamous epithelial cells, it is called stratified squamous epithelial tissue. 
Picture
     Stratified squamous epithelium is found in areas of your body that experience a lot of "wear and tear" . These vulnerable areas of your body are covered with several layers of squamous tissue in order to protect the deeper tissues that are harder (more biologically expensive) to replace.

     Squamous cells are somewhat disposable, meaning they take less time and less biological energy to be replaced. 
Squamous cells are small, so they can undergo mitotic cell division on short notice. For this reason, squamous epithelium is found in areas that need to be replaced rather frequently like the vagina, the esophagus and the mouth.  Stratified squamous epithelium acts to protect against abrasion
.

Slides of Stratified Squamous Epithelium
​(Esophagus)

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
​- WILL NOT BE ON PRACTICAL -

Picture
Stratified cuboidal epithelium is composed of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells.
​
Distribution and Function - This type of tissue can be observed in sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands and serve to protect the area.

We DO NOT have this type of slide for the practical.

Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue

THIS TISSUE TYPE WILL NOT BE ON YOUR PRACTICAL EXAM. 
Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue is rarest tissue type of tissue.
     Stratified columnar epithelial tissue consists of several layers. Cuboidal cells may also be present in this type of tissue. When cuboidal cells are present, they are located near the basal membrane.  Cells that are further toward the apical side of the tissue will appear more columnar or elongated.

​     Stratified columnar epithelial tissue can be found in the male urethra and in large ducts of some glands. This tissue functions as protection and secretion. 
​
Picture

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Picture
     Columnar epithelium can also form a layer in which the nuclei are at different levels within the cells. This type of layering is called "pseudostratified", because, despite the cells forming a single layer, the variable position of the nuclei can make the tissue layer appears as though it was composed of two or more layers. It is for this reason that the layer is called "pseudo" (meaning "fake") - stratified. 

     Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in the esophagus, the trachea and the lining of the lungs. The main function of of this tissue is to move mucus.

IF YOU SEE CILIA, IN OUR PRACTICAL, IT IS GOING TO BE THE
​ 
Pseudostratified (Ciliated ) Columnar Epithelium
- looks like 6 layers and cilia are at the top
Slides of Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium


Transitional Epithelium

Transitional epithelium lives up to its name. Its name is due to the 'transition' or changes in shape of the cells that make up the tissue. In this type of tissue, the most superficial (apical) cells  get stretched out and deformed. Transitional tissues exist in areas of the body that undergo extreme stretching, like the bladder. The more 'stretchy' the tissue, the more 'bent out of shape' the apical cells become.
     When transitional epithelium is not in its stretched shape (for example when your bladder is empty), in an empty bladder) the cells of the surface layers are large and rounded.  When a transitional epithelium is stretched (as it would be in a full bladder) the cells of the surface layers are pulled into a flatter shape.

On a slide, the apical cells appear large and rounded, kind of like flower petals (see below!)

Slides of Transitional Epithelium

Picture
Picture
Idealized slide of transitional epithelium.
This type of tissue is in the bladder because it is very stretchy!
Picture
More typical-looking slide of transitional epithelium you will see in a practical!

Summary of Epithelial Tissue

Table Courtesy of 4.2 Epithelial Tissue by Rice University 
Table is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. This textbook is available for free at open.bccampus.ca
opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/4-2-epithelial-tissue/
Picture
go to the connective tissue page
Your layers of epithelial tissue usually have some selective permeability that allows for absorption, filtration or excretion of certain substances. For example, the tissue epithelial tissue that lines your small intestines allows for the movement of nutrients from the small intestines to the body and the epithelial tissue of the kidney functions to filter out waste products.

​

Glandular Epithelial Tissue 

.What is a GLAND?  A gland is an organ that secretes particular chemical substances in or on the body, These substances act to serve a specific function for the body. There are two different kinds of glands at work in the human body; the endocrine glands and the exocrine glands. Your endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into your bloodstream or to nearby cells, Exocrine glands, on the other hand, secrete substances into tubes or ducts that lead to the outer or inner surfaces of your body (the can refer to either the outside of the body, or the inside of your "tube", as opposed to directly into the blood).

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