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    • Anatomy Basics
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    • Case Study One
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    • pH Lab
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      • VOLCANO LAB
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  • College/Life Skills
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    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
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    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
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    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
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    • Introduction to The Cell
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    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
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      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
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    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
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      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
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      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
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    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
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  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
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    • The Appendicular Skeleton
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  • Human Sexuality
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    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
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    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
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      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
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    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
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    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
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    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
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  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
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  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
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  • Genetics Lab
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  • Immunohistochemistry
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    • Anatomy Basics
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      • Levels of Organization
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      • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Cells Portal
      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
      • The Cell Cycle
      • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
    • Tissues Portal SAC
      • The Integumentary System
      • Epithelial Tissues
      • Connective Tissue
      • Muscle Tissue
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
    • The Nervous System
      • Introduction to the Nervous System
      • Nervous Tissue
      • The Brain - Anat
      • The Ear - Sensory Organs
      • The Eye - Sensory Organs
    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • The Renal System
    • The Respiratory System
    • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PORTAL
      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic - Physio
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC - Physio
    • Chemical Bonds - Physio
    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
    • Lymphatic System
    • Respiratory System Physiology
    • Renal System
    • Digestive System
    • Reproductive System
  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
    • Lab 2 - Osmosis
    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
      • The Epidermis rio
      • Connective Tissue
  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

  LAB EXERCISE: Endocrine, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Diabetes 

Picture
   The body uses two systems to communicate with the body:
  • the endocrine system
  • the nervous system.
The endocrine system is a communication system that utilizes hormones to send information from one part of the body to another.
  • Hormones are chemical signals that are synthesized and secreted by endocrine cells/glands
Target cells contain specific receptors for the hormone. Receptors may be located on the cell surface, cytoplasm, or in the nucleus of those target cells.
  • Receptors on the cell surface will use second messenger systems to cause a rapid, non-genomic effect.
  • Receptors in the cytoplasm and nucleus will influence transcription/translation causing a slower genomic effect.
  • If a cell does not contain the receptor that is specific for that hormone, then it will not respond to the hormone . 

Picture

HORMONE CLASSIFICATIONS

   ​The classification of a hormone can help us understand how they affect the target cell.
Hormones can be classified in three different classes:
  • Steroid Hormones
  • Non-Steroidal Hormones
    • Peptide Hormones 
    • Amino Acid Derived Hormones
Steroid hormones
Steroid hormones include corticosteroids and sex hormones. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.

PROPERTIES OF STEROID HORMONES
1) Steroid hormones are hydrophobic so they are able to cross the cell membrane
2)
Steroid hormones require a carrier protein to travel through the blood stream
3) Steroid hormones have receptors that are located in the cell's cytoplasm or nucleas causing SLOW ACTIONS.
4)
Steroid hormones have a long half-life.

Non-Steroidal Hormones
Non-steroidal hormones include
1) peptide hormones 
2) amino acid-derived hormones
 

PROPERTIES OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
1) 
Non-Steroidal hormones are hydrophillic so they are soluble in bodily fluids
2) 
Non-Steroidal hormone receptors are located on the cell's surface so they cause a rapid non-genomic effect
3) 
Non-Steroidal hormones have a short half-life.
Picture
Peptide hormones 
​Peptide hormones are synthesized through transcription and translation and are stored by the cell in storage vesicles until the cell receives a signal to secrete the hormone. Most hormones are considered peptide hormones. 
​
Amino acid-derived hormones
Amino acid-derived hormones are formed from amino acid precursors. For example, the amino acid tryptopohan is used by the body to make a dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, melatonin and serotonin. The amino acid tyrosine is used to make the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) which regulate the metabolism and energy levels of the body. The amino acid glutamic acid is used to make histamines which function as part of the body's immune system.
These experiments relate to the body's endocrine pathways and demonstrate how hormones help our body maintain homeostasis.

Regulation of Blood Glucose

Picture

  Insulin is a hormone released by the body in response to high blood glucose levels.  When insulin is introduced into the bloodstream, blood glucose levels fall as a response.
   When glucose is ingested, blood glucose levels increase. This increase triggers the release of insulin from eyelet cells of the pancreas. When this insulin reaches the bloodstream, blood glucose levels decrease back to normal. 

Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 or Type 2) 

   Diabetes Mellitus is a condition in which a person's body cannot regulate blood plasma glucose levels.
  • NORMAL - Normal blood glucose levels in an adult following an 8-hour fast should fall between 70 and 100mg/dL.
  • HYPOGLYCEMIC - Blood glucose below 70 mg/dL is a sign of HYPOGLYCEMIA (low blood sugar).
  • Additionally, blood glucose levels should not exceed 200 mg/dL after a meal.
  • PRE-DIABETES - A diagnosis of pre-diabetes is given when the fasting blood glucose level is between 100 and 125 mg/dL.
  • DIABETES - A diagnosis of diabetes can be diagnosed by a patient having their fasting blood glucose levels greater than >125mg/dL.
  • People with a diagnosis of diabetes suffer from abnormally high blood sugar levels (also known as hyperglycemia). Hyperglycemia is when blood plasma glucose levels increase above normal.  
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  • Diabetes mellitus can result when plasma glucose levels are not regulated properly and the body cannot maintain homeostasis. Diabetes mellitus type 1 results when the beta cells of the pancreas fail to produce enough insulin therefore resulting in high plasma glucose levels. 
  • Diabetes mellitus type 2 results when the cells of the body do not respond to insulin properly (insulin resistance) therefore resulting in high plasma glucose levels.

Effects of Insulin

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   Following a meal, the body's blood glucose levels are raised. The beta cells of the pancreas sense the increased blood glucose levels and in response they secrete insulin (a protein hormone).

Insulin affects...


  1. the cells of the body by increasing the number of glucose transporters on the cell membrane thus increasing facilitated diffusion of glucose into the cell
  2. increasing the rate of glycogenesis (synthesis of glycogen) in the liver,
  3. increasing the uptake of amino acids and increasing the rate of protein synthesis,
  4. increasing lipogenesis (synthesis of fatty acids)
  5. slowing the rate of glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen into glucose)
  6. slowing the rate of gluconeogenesis (forming glucose from lactic acid and amino acids).
The secretion of insulin ultimately results in a decrease in plasma glucose levels.

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is the condition of having blood plasma glucose levels that are below normal.

​After several hours of fasting, the body's blood glucose levels decrease below the setpoint. The alpha cells of the pancreas sense the decreased blood glucose levels and they secrete glucagon (a protein hormone). Glucagon affects hepatocytes (cells of the liver) and causes an
  1. 1) increase in the rate glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen into glucose)
  2. 2) increase in the rate of gluconeogenesis (synthesizing glucose from lactic acid, glycerol and amino acids)
  3. 3) slowing the rate of glycogenesis (synthesis of glycogen) in the liver, and 4) slowing the rate of lipogenesis (synthesis of fatty acids). The secretion of glucagon ultimately results in an increase of plasma glucose levels. 
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  •  Students will use a goldfish to study hypoglycemia and 2 student volunteers to study hyperglycemia. ​

Lab Exercise A: Blood glucose regulation- Insulin Shock
​

EQUIPMENT:
• Fishnet 
• An active goldfish (you may take them home after lab) 
• Beaker holding freshwater. 
• Beaker holding human insulin solution. 
• Beaker holding 5% glucose solution 
• Stopwatch (cellphone) 
​
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Protocol: 
  1. Take the beaker holding freshwater to the provided fish tank. 
  2. Using your fish net, choose an active goldfish and place it in the beaker holding freshwater. 
  3. Transfer the goldfish to your table and begin timing.
  4. For every minute (<5min), observe how the goldfish behaves and determine the metabolic rate by counting the number of opercula beats per minute (beats/min). 
  5. Place your goldfish into the beaker holding human insulin solution and begin timing. 
  6. For every minute (<5min), observe how the goldfish behaves and determine the metabolic rate by counting the number of opercula beats per minute (beats/min) every minute. ​
  7. Place your goldfish into the beaker holding 5% glucose solution and begin timing.
  8. For every minute (<5min), observe how the goldfish behaves and determine the metabolic rate by counting the number of opercula beats per minute (beats/min) every minute.
  9. CLEAN-UP: Place your goldfish back in the fish tank. You may take your fish home (ask your instructor for details). Place all the materials back where you found them. Wipe up any water on the tables.
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The operculum is a series of bones found in bonyfish that serves as a facial support structure and a protective covering for the gills; it is also used for respiration and feeding.

NOTE:

If your goldfish becomes lethargic, turns to its side, and begins to float, then IMMEDIATELY put it into the 5% glucose solution.
FOOD-SEEKING BEHAVIOR: Your goldfish may increase its metabolic rate and begin to actively look for food. However, this behavior does not persist for very long and the goldfish soon decreases its metabolic rate and becomes lethargic.
Lab Exercise B: Blood glucose regulation- Consuming glucose tablets increases glucose levels
​Equipment
  • Two student volunteers who are non-diabetic and willing to run the glucose tests on themselves
  • 20g of glucose (form of glucose tablets)
  • 200mL bottled water
  • Glucose-meter and test-strips
  • Lancets
  • Alcohol swabs
  • Band-Aids
  • Stopwatch (cellphone) 
Protocol 
  1. Turn on the glucose-meter.
  2. Place the empty test-strip into the glucose-meter.
  3. Clean your finger with an alcohol swab and wait to dry.
  4. Lance your finger using the lancet.
  5. Place a drop of blood into the test-strip.
  6. Clean the site and put on a Band-Aid.
  7. Allow the glucose-meter to read the initial blood glucose level.
  8. Clean the glucose-meter with an alcohol swab.
  9. The student should now consume 20 grams of glucose and 200mL of bottled water. Begin timing.
  10. Determine their blood glucose levels after 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes by repeating steps 1-8 at each time interval. Take a reading at 120 minutes if time allows.
  11. Share your results with the class in real-time.
  12. CLEAN-UP

BIOHAZARDS


The lancets and test-strips should go in the Sharps Biohazard waste container. The alcohol swabs with blood, tissue paper with blood, and Band-Aids with blood should go in the Soft Biohazard waste containers. Water cups should go in the regular trash.
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 Negative feedback mechanism used when plasma glucose levels are high.
  • Stimulus - Blood Glucose Levels Rise
    • Sensory/Receptors - Beta cells in the pancreas detect the rise (change) in blood glucose levels 
    • Controller - Control centers (integrators) compare the changed plasma glucose level with the set point and signal the effectors to generate a response. Control centers sometimes consider information other than just the level of the variable in their decision-making, such as time of day, age, external conditions, etc - 
  • Efferent Pathway
    • Effector(s) - Beta cells in the pancreas respond by releasing insulin
    • Response(s) - insulin causes the liver and cells of the body to take up glucose. The liver takes the glucose and stores it as glycogen.  
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Negative feedback mechanism used when plasma glucose levels are low.
  • Stimulus - Change in plasma glucose level - Plasma Glucose becomes LOW
    • Sensory - Receptors (sensors) detect changes in the plasma glucose level
    • Controller - Control centers (integrators) compare the changed plasma glucose level with the set point and signal the effectors to generate a response. Control centers sometimes consider information other than just the level of the variable in their decision-making, such as time of day, age, external conditions, etc
  • Efferent Pathway - Effectors execute the necessary changes to adjust the blood glucose level.
    • Effector(s) - Alpha cells of the pancreas
    • Response(s) - Alpha cells release glucagon / Glucagon causes liver to break down glycogen into glucose / Liver releases glucose into blood stream
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TREATMENT: FRESHWATER Time (min) Metabolic Rate (operculum beats/min) Behavior Description
  • 1 min = 84 operculum beats/min
  • 2 min = 94 operculum beats/min
  • 3 min = 86 operculum beats/min
  • 4 min = 90 operculum beats/min
  • 5 min = 96 operculum beats/min

TREATMENT: HUMAN INSULIN SOLUTION Time (min) Metabolic Rate (operculum beats/min) Behavior Description
  • 1min = 98 operculum beats/min
  • 2min = 87 operculum beats/min
  • 3min = 81 operculum beats/min
  • 4min = 82 operculum beats/min
  • 5min = 78 operculum beats/min
TREATMENT: 5% GLUCOSE SOLUTION Time (min) Metabolic Rate (operculum beats/min) Behavior Description 1
  • 1min = 66 operculum beats/min
  • 2min = 71 operculum beats/min
  • 3min = 74 operculum beats/min
  • 4min = 82 operculum beats/min
  • 5min = 84 operculum beats/min

Blood Glucose Before and After Consuming 20g of Glucose

STUDENT #1 NAME: Time (min) Blood Glucose (mg/dL) Feelings/Behavior changes? 1
  • 0 min = 100 mg/dL
  • 1 min = 105 mg/dL
  • 2 min = 141 mg/dL
  • 3 min = 129 mg/dL
  • 4 min = 118 mg/dL
  • 5 min = 109 mg/dL
STUDENT #2 NAME: Time (min) Blood Glucose (mg/dL) Feelings/Behavior changes? 1
  • 0 min = 100 mg/dL
  • 1 min = 105 mg/dL
  • 2 min = 135 mg/dL
  • 3 min = 127 mg/dL
  • 4 min = 110mg/dL
  • 5​ min = 103 mg/dL
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