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    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
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    • The Cell Cycle
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      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
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    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
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    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
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        • Nutritional Categories
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        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
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      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
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      • Chemical Bonds
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    • Definition of Terms
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    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
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    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

Microscopic Plant Adaptations


Microscopic Plant Adaptations​


Picture
Stomata are cellular pores on the surface of plant leaves (mostly on the underside of the leaf). 
STOMATA OPEN TO... They open to allow the uptake of carbon dioxide, the release of oxygen and allow water evaporation from the plant to occur. 
STOMATA CLOSE TO... They close to limit water loss.

Tissue Layers of the Leaf
Stoma (singular) Stomata (plural)
  • The epidermis consists of the upper and lower epidermis; it aids in the regulation of gas exchange via stomata.
  • The epidermis secretes a waxy substance that lays on top of the leaf and is known as the cuticle. 
  • The cuticle is located outside the epidermis and protects against water loss
  • Palisade cells are plant cells located  right below the upper epidermis and cuticle. THIS IS WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE!
  • The spongy mesophyll cell layer is beneath the pallisades. ​

Picture

The Anatomy of a Plant Leaf

Picture

Layers of the Leaf

Epidermis
The (upper) epidermis of plant leaves function to form a boundary between the plant and the external environment. The epidermis serves several functions:
  1. protects against water loss
  2. regulates gas exchange
  3. secretes metabolic compounds
  4. absorbs water and mineral nutrients in roots
The upper epidermis of the leaf produces a waxy layer, called the cuticle. The cuticle is a waxy, waterproof barrier thar protects against water loss. 
Palisades Cell Layer
The palisade s cell layer lies just beneath the protective upper epidermis. The palisades layer is where photosynthesis takes place within the leaf. 
This tissue is where 80% of the photosynthesis takes place in the leaf.  The palisade cells have many chloroplasts in their cytoplasm and the box-like shape and arrangement of these cells ensures they are packed tightly together.
Spongy Mesophyll
Below the palisade layer is the spongy layer, which contains cells that are more spread out, allowing for air pockets.The spongy mesophyll allows for gas exchange. Namely, carbon dioxide (CO2) which is needed for photosynthesis, and oxygen (O2) which is given off as a product of photosynthesis. 
This tissue contains large air spaces which are linked to the atmosphere outside the leaf through microscopic pores called stomata on the lower surface.  Spongy mesophyll cells also contain chloroplasts and photosynthesis occurs here too.  The air spaces reduce the distance carbon dioxide has to diffuse to get into the mesophyll cells and the fact that these cells have fairly thin cell walls which are coated with a film of water together means that gas exchange between air space and mesophyll is speeded up.

STOMATA

     Stoma (singular) or stomata (plural) are openings in the leaves of plants that allow for gas exchange.  Stomata are usually found on the under-surface of the leaf. A single stoma has a chloroplast, a cell wall, a vacuole and a nucleus.
    Carbon Dioxide that is needed for photosynthesis enters the plant through the stomata. Excess oxygen is released from the plant through the stomata as one of the waste products of photosynthesis. Stomata can also gain water from the atmosphere through open stomata and the plant can conserve water by closing stomata to prevent dehydration. 
Picture
By Charles Tschirhart - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28249312
The stoma pore is formed by a pair of cells known as guard cells. These adjust the size of the opening by opening or closing. Guard cells reside in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that are used to control gas exchange. 
Picture
By Ali Zifan - Own work; Used information from:Campbell Biology (10th Edition) by: Jane B. Reece & Steven A. Wasserman.and [1]., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50023738

A microscopic view of the underside of a leaf. In this species (Tradescantia zebrina) the guard cells of the stomata are green because they contain chlorophyll while the epidermal cells are chlorophyll-free and contain red pigments.

Picture
By Zephyris - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11721372

Cross-section of a Ligustrum Leaf (Found in Sunny Yards)

Picture
  • The Epidermis of the Ligustrium leaf is 1 cell-layer thick. 

Cross-Section of a Nerium Leaf (Found in Dry Environments)

  • Stomata are found in the leaves of plants, because this this is where photosynthesis takes place. ​
  • The underside of leaves have more stomata than the upper surface because less evaporation will take place in the cooler, shady underside of the leaf.
  • The Epidermis of the Nerium leaf is 3 cell-layers thick. 
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Adaptations of Wetland Plants

Wetland plants are also called hydrophytic plants, because they live in water.   Hydrophytic plants have developed special adaptations that enables them to survive the conditions of environmental stress experienced by living in the wetlands. Stressful environmental conditions brought on by living in wetlands include:
                                                                       1.  fluctuations in water levels
                                                                       2.  permanent saturation with water
                                                                       3.  decreased oxygen availability
There are many types of plants that are hydrophytic, including many types of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees.- Herbaceous plants:  these are non-woody plants and can be categorized by their location in the water: 
  • e eerrgent plants are erect plants that are rooted in sediment but extend out of the water.  These include cattails, and reeds.
  •            Floating plants may be either free-floating or rootedin the soil.  Their leaves, flowers, and fruit float on the surface of water. 
  •            Submergent plants grow completely under the surface of the water.
  •  Shrubs:  these ar low,woody plants that are less than 20 feet high and have permanent stems instead of a single trunk. 
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-  Phytoplankton:  this is a microscopic algae and chlorophyll containing bacteria that live on or near the surface of the water. 
  
  Phytoplankton are extremely valuable to ecosystems. They provide  produces the majority of the world's oxygen and are the basis for any aquatic food chain. 
 TERMS 



              
          

        ADAPTATIONS OF WETLAND PLANTS
1.  Many wetland plants have special air or pore spaces in their roots and stems called aerenchyma through which oxygen can enter the plant and be transported to its roots.
2.  Some plants have hollowed stems that transport oxygen to the roots
3.  Woody plants pump oxygen from their stems to their roots.
4.  Many wetland trees have very shallow root systems, swollen trunks, or roots that grow above the ground.  Examples of this are the cypress knees seen in swamps.
5.  Some plants develop adaptations that allow them to tolerate salt water.  These plants are called halophytes.  Some adaptations of these plants are: 
                    - develop ways to reduce salt intake by the roots called salt water exclusion 
                    - some take the salt in but have salt-secreting glands to remove the salt 
                    - Some develop salt concentrating glands like fleshy leaves.  They collect salt in these leaves and then shed them 
                    - Some plants have succulent leaves, store water, and then use it to dilute the concentration of salt 
                    - Some plants have salt water proofed theirselves by developing a waxy covering 
                    - Some reduce their leaf surface to minimize exposure to salt 
                    - some isolate salt into internal organs 

Cross-Section of a Nymphaea Leaf (wetland plant)

Nymphaea re plants that usually float on top of the water. One example of a nymphaea is the water lily. 
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Tradescantia (Shady Environments)

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  COMMON PLANTS OF COASTAL SALT AND BRACKISH MARSHES ​(common names) 
Bayberry (wax myrtle
​Bid Cordgrass
​Glasswort 
Knotgrasses
Prickly Pear
Smooth Cordgrass
Spike Rushes
Swithgrass

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