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      • mitosis
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      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
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      • Introduction to the Nervous System
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    • dissection of the fetal pig
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    • Case Study One
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      • The Epidermis
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    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
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    • Fertility and Conception
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    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
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  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
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      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
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    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
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    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
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      • The Basics
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      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
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    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
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  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
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      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
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      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
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  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
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    • The Appendicular Skeleton
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  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
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    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
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    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
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    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
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        • Verne the Sperm pg2
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  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
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  • Anatomy
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    • Anatomy Basics
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      • Levels of Organization
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      • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Cells Portal
      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
      • The Cell Cycle
      • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
    • Tissues Portal SAC
      • The Integumentary System
      • Epithelial Tissues
      • Connective Tissue
      • Muscle Tissue
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
    • The Nervous System
      • Introduction to the Nervous System
      • Nervous Tissue
      • The Brain - Anat
      • The Ear - Sensory Organs
      • The Eye - Sensory Organs
    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • The Renal System
    • The Respiratory System
    • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PORTAL
      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic - Physio
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC - Physio
    • Chemical Bonds - Physio
    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
    • Lymphatic System
    • Respiratory System Physiology
    • Renal System
    • Digestive System
    • Reproductive System
  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
    • Lab 2 - Osmosis
    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
      • The Epidermis rio
      • Connective Tissue
  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

STUDY GUIDE FOR SAN BERNARDINO VALLEY COLLEGE 
​ANATOMY CLASS

STUDY GUIDE FOR SAN BERNARDINO VALLEY COLLEGE 
​ANATOMY CLASS

MUSCLE PRACTICAL AND MIDTERM
​STUDY GUIDE​

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  • Muscles are attached to at least 2 bones.
  • Muscles SPAN at least one movable joint.
  • Muscle attaches to bone through TENDONS.
  • Muscle attaches to other muscles through LIGAMENTS.
  • Muscles always PULL they never PUSH - this is why we call it muscle contraction.
  • When the muscle contracts it shortens, which applies force on the bones it is attached to by PULLING on them. 
  It is Important to be Able to Distinguish Between the Origin and the Insertion Point of a Muscle. This information will tell us the function of the muscle. Remember that structure equals function! 
    Skeletal muscles attaches to at least 2 bones, and spans one movable joint. The way that these muscles attach to the bones of your body, is through TENDONS. Muscles always PULL they never PUSH.  When a muscle contracts, it pulls the bones it connects to closer to one another, by decreasing the angle of the movable joint that is spans. 
    Typically, when we contract a muscle, one of the bones the muscle attaches to moves a lot, while the other bone(s) the muscle attaches to remains relatively "fixed" in space. 
  • The origin is the attachment site that remains relatively "fixed in space" during muscle contraction
  • The insertion is the attachment site that moves quite a bit during muscle contraction. 
The insertion is usually distal, or further away, from the torso, while the origin is proximal, or closer to the torso.  
When a muscle contracts in the body, you will notice one of the bones that muscle attaches to moves quite a bit, but the other moves very little or not at all! Let's look at why. 
  • The bone that moves very little will have the ORIGIN or "point of origin" for the muscle. 
  • The ORIGIN or "point of origin" for the muscle is defined as the muscle-to-bone attachment that is "fixed" or does not move.
  • The ORIGIN or "point of origin" for the muscle will always be located on the bone that is closer to the torso.
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   For example, the biceps muscles are muscles that lie in the anterior portion of the upper arm. The biceps attach to the radius of the lower arm and span the elbow which is a movable joint.  When the biceps are contracted, the biceps shorten. This shortening of the biceps applies a force on the upper and lower arm bones to which it is attached. The direction of this force is to bring the upper arm bone and lower arm bones closer together.  Another way of saying the same thing is to say the force is directed to decrease the angle of the elbow joint. 
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  Even though force is applied on both the upper and the lower arm bones, only the lower arm moves, while the upper arm moves relatively little. 
   Since during contraction of the biceps muscles we observe the lower portion of the arm move while the upper arm bone remains relatively stationary, we know that the point of origin for the biceps muscle must be located in the bone of the upper arm (the humerus).  
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The Muscle Cell is also known as a muscle fiber, because it is long and cylindrical. 
    Skeletal muscle fibers are extremely long, cylindrical cells. A single muscle fiber can be up to a foot long in some muscles. This unique property is made possible, because the muscle fiber itself is actually formed from the fusion of literally hundreds of embryonic cells that get fused together during development. Since skeletal muscle cells (muscle fibers) are made from the fusion of hundreds of embryonic cells, they contain many nuclei. In other words, they are multinucleated.     ​

FLEXION AND EXTENSION

Remember that muscles only have 2 actions; they can either contract (shorten) or relax. This means that muscles will essentially 'pull' on the bone it attaches to. Rules for determining muscle function:
  1. ​When the muscle passes in front of (anterior to) the joint, it functions in FLEXION. Flexion decreases the angle of the joint.
  2. When the muscle passes in behind (posterior to) the joint, it functions in EXTENSION. Extension increases the angle of the joint.​
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Flexion is movement that decreases the inner angle of the joint. A flexor is a muscle that causes flexion.
Extension
 is movement that increases the inner angle of the joint. An extensor is a muscle that causes extension. 
   Extension and Flexion are Movements of Hinge Joints, such as the knee and elbow. 
How can I tell the function of muscle? The function of a muscle can be inferred by the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses.Remember, a muscle attaches to at least 2 bones and spans at least 1 joint. In order to determine the function of the muscle, you need to see if that muscle passes in front or behind the joint it spans.
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PictureBiceps Brachii
For example,

    Muscles that lie on the anterior portion of the arm will be FLEXORS. Muscles that lie on the posterior part of the arm will be EXTENDORS. 

   We can get more specific than this as well. The muscles that lie on the anterior portion of the upper arm are the biceps brachii muscles. Since these muscles are anterior, we know they will be flexors. The specific joint the biceps brachii will flex, will be the elbow. This is because the elbow is the joint that lies just below the muscle (further from the body). 

Triceps Brachii

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   The muscles that lie on the posterior portion of the upper arm are the triceps brachii muscles. Since these muscles are posterior, we know they will be extensors. The specific joint the biceps brachii will extend will be the elbow.  This is because the elbow is the joint that lie just below the muscle (further from the body). 
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   The muscles that lie on the anterior portion of the forearm (the antebrachial region) will be flexors of the carpals or digits.  ​
       The muscles that lie on the posterior portion of the forearm (the antebrachial region) will be extensors of the carpals or digits. 
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    Since our knee joints bend in the opposite direction to our elbows, the position of the flexors and the extensors in the upper leg region (the femoral region) are opposite from what they are in the upper arm.

    The muscles that lie on the anterior portion of the upper leg will be extensors of the knee. The muscles that have this function are called the quadriceps muscles. The quadriceps muscles include the following 4 muscles:
  1. Rectus Femoris
  2. Vastus Medialis
  3. Vastus Lateralis
  4. Vastus Intermedius 
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Hamstring Muscles

    The muscles that lie on the posterior portion of the upper leg will be flexors of the knee. The muscles that have this function are called the hamstring muscles. The hamstring muscles include the following 3 muscles:
  1. Biceps Femoris
  2. Semitendinosus
  3. Semimembranosus
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