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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
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      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
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      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
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    • dissection of the fetal pig
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    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
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    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
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    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
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    • Volcano Project
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    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
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    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
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    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
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  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
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      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
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  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
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      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
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      • Viruses and Prions
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      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

Your bones and your cartilage are connective tissues that function as the structural support of the body.

​Cartilage

Chondroblasts are immature chondrocytes found in growing cartilage. Chondrocytes are the primary cell type of cartilage. These chondrocytes make all of the fibers and ground substance, that together form the matrix of cartilage. The fibers found in the matrix of cartilage include collagen and elastin. These fibers function to cushion and support body structures.  The ground substance of cartilage is made up of a gel-like substance that holds large amounts of water, which allows it to act as a cushion. 

Cartilage of the Skeleton

Cartilage is divided into 3 types;
1) Hyaline cartilage
2) Elastic cartilage
3) Fibrocartilage

Picture
Picture
By Shiloh117981894 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49197466

There are three different types of cartilage: elastic (A), hyaline (B), and fibrous (C). In elastic cartilage the cells are closer together creating less intercellular space. Elastic cartilage is found in the external ear flaps and in parts of the larynx. Hyaline cartilage has fewer cells than elastic cartilage; there is more intercellular space. 

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage provide the initial structure that forms the developing skeleton. All three types of cartilage have the following characteristics:

  1. Primary cell type = chondrocytes
  2. These chondrocytes are found inside small cavities called lacunae. 
  3. The extracellular matrix contains gel-like ground substance and either collagen and/or elastin fibers.
  4. ​Cartilage is mainly (~80%) water.
  5. Cartilage contains no nerves
  6. Cartilage has no blood vessels
  7. ​Cartilage is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the perichondrium 
Picture
Picture

​Cartilage is a connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes and a  matrix of collagen fibers and elastic fibers within a water-rich, gel-like ground substance. The matrix is produced by chondroblasts (immature chondrocytes). 

   The surfaces of most of the cartilage in your body is surrounded by a membrane of dense irregular connective tissue called perichondium.   Chondrocytes that are outside of the perichondrium are surrounded by a space called a lacuna (lacunae for plural).  Chondroblasts that exist in the perichondrium don't have lacunae.

Cartilage does not contain blood vessels or nerves except for the area of the perichondrium. 

Picture
   The perichondrium contains the blood vessels which provide nutrients to the cartilage. Nutrients diffuse from the perichondrium, through the matrix, to reach the cartilage cells. Since diffusion is limited over great distances, the cartilage must remain relatively thin. 

   The human skeleton is initially made up of cartilages and fibrous membranes, but bone soon replaces most of these early supports. The few cartilages that remain in adults are found mainly in regions where flexible skeletal tissue is needed. ​

Hyaline Cartilage

Picture
 - The majority of our cartilage is hyaline cartilage. ​Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of long bones as the "articular cartilage" of the joints.  The chondrocytes is hyaline cartilage are spherical. The matrix only has collagen fibers (no elastin). Hyaline cartilage makes up the...
  1. ​Articulate cartilage (cartilage of the joints) 
  2. Costal cartilages (connects ribs to sternum)
  3. Respiratory Cartilages (larynx, reinforces air passageways) 
  4. Nasal Cartilage (supports external structure of the nose)
  5. ​Embryonic Skeleton - ​​​In development, the embryonic skeleton is mostly hyaline cartilage that later develops into bone. Some of this embryonic hyaline cartilage persists throughout childhood and adolescence. This hyaline cartilage can be seen as the epiphyseal plates or lines (commonly called the growth plates) at the ends of long bones that mark where the growth is occurring.  

Elastic Cartilage

PictureElastic Cartilage
 Elastic cartilages are similar to hyaline cartilages, with the exception of the addition of elastin fibers to the extracellular matrix. Because of these additional elastin fibers, elastic cartilage has the added ability to stretch and is better able to withstand repetitive bending. Elastic cartilage is the most rare form of cartilage and is found only in the external ear and the epiglottis. The epiglottis is the flap that folds down and closes off the opening to the trachea when we swallow, in an effort to prevent food from entering the airways by mistake. 

Picture
This gif shows the action of the epiglottis. When a person swallows, the epiglottis is positioned over the opening to the trachea to prevent food from entering the airways.

​Fibrocartilage

PictureFibrocartilage
​​
 Fibrocartilage is the strongest cartilage in our bodies is fibrocartilage. It is highly resistant to compression and has high tensile strength. Fibrocartilage contains parallel rows of alternating chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers. 

   This type of cartilage is found in areas of our body that undergo a lot of mechanical stress due to compression and tension forces, like our knee joints and invertebral discs. 

ARTICULATE CARTILAGE
Picture
Picture
The epiphysis (epiphyses, plural) refers to the knobby ends of a long bone. The proximal epiphysis is the knobby end of the long bone that is closer to the trunk of the body, and the distal epiphysis is the knobby end of the long bone that is further away from the trunk of the body, 

    Each epiphysis is specially shaped to form part of a joint.  The ​joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage which is composed of a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. 

​ Articulate Cartilage is found at the epiphysis of long bones, where  it functions to provide a smooth surface for the gliding motion of the joint. Almost every joint in our bodies contains articulate cartilage. ​

Cartilage grows in two ways...

1) In appositional growth (ap″ozish′un-al), cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue.
2) In interstitial growth (in″ter-stish′al), the lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.
Picture

Why do we develop a skeleton made out of cartilage first?

  Our skeleton begins as cartilage. This is because the matrix of bone is hardened and calcified. Unlike the matrix of bone, the matrix of cartilage is a gel-like substance that allows for mitosis to occur. Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis. It is the ideal tissue to use to rapidly lay down the embryonic skeleton and to provide for new skeletal growth.
Picture
During fetal development, the chondrocytes of cartilage become ossified and the matrix becomes calcified forming bone. Early in gestation, a fetus has a skeleton made out of cartilaginous tissue. The long bones and most other bones gradually  change from cartilage to bone. This process continues well after birth, lasting through the first few years of life. This process is known as endochondral ossification.

​Ossification or osteogenesis is the process of laying new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.

Picture
  • At birth, a newborn baby has over 300 bones, while on average an adult human has 206 bones.
  • Ossification or osteogenesis is the process of generating new bone material by precursor cells called osteoblasts.
  • Two processes result in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
  • Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme). The membrane that occupies the place of the future bone resembles connective tissue and ultimately forms the periosteum. It is composed of fibers and granular cells in a matrix.
  • Endochondral ossification involves cartilage which is then mineralized.
  • Bones are dynamic structures that respond to applied force over time. With chronic weight bearing and the forces from daily use and movement, bone mass can be maintained or increased.
​

​







                                                                                            


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