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      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
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    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
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    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
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        • Nutritional Categories
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        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
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      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
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      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
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    • GAMES
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    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

MUSCLES

This Tutorial Will Focus on 4 Muscles Commonly Used to Administer Intramuscular Injections

Click here to check out more muscles
  1. The Deltoid
  2. The Trapezius
  3. The Quariceps Femoris
  4. The Gluteus Medius

Objectives

By the end of this tutorial you should be able to answer the following:
  1. Identify the Origins of the Muscle
  2. Identify the Insertions of the Muscle
  3. Identify the Major Action of the Muscle
Picture
  Muscles (skeletal muscles) always connect to at least 2 bones and span 1 movable joint. This is because the function of skeletal muscle, is to allow for movement of the body. Without these rules, there would NO movement!
Picture

Origins and Insertions

  • The origin is the attachment site that remains relatively "fixed in space" during muscle contraction
  • The insertion is the attachment site that moves quite a bit during muscle contraction. 
  • The insertion moves toward the origin during muscle contraction.
Picture
  It is Important to be Able to Distinguish Between the Origin and the Insertion Point of a Muscle. This information reveals to us the functionality or actions of the muscle. Remember that structure equals function! 
    Skeletal muscles attach to at least 2 bones, and span one movable joint. The way that these muscles attach to the bones of your body, is through TENDONS. 
   When we talk about "origins" and "insertions", we are talking about these attachments of the muscle to the bone (through the assistance of the tendons).  

Muscles always PULL they never PUSH.  

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Picture
Picture
Actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomeres slide past one another causing the muscle to contract.
Picture
When the muscle contracts (becomes shorter) it PULLS on its attachment points where it is connected (through tendons) to the bones.
   When muscles contract, the muscle is shortened. Muscles are composed of individual muscle fibers that are composed of repeating units called sarcomeres. When the muscle receives the command from the nervous system to contract, the actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomeres slide past one another, causing each of the activated sarcomere to become shorter. As these sarcomeres shorten, the entire muscle is shortened.   
  Since a muscle must connect to at least 2 bones and span 1 movable joint, let's see what happens when a muscle contracts. 
Typically, when we contract a muscle, one of the bones the muscle attaches to moves a lot, while the other bone(s) the muscle attaches to remains relatively "fixed" in space. ​
  • The origin is the attachment site that remains relatively "fixed in space" during muscle contraction
  • The insertion is the attachment site that moves quite a bit during muscle contraction. 
  • The insertion is usually at the distal end, or the end that is further away from the body's center of mass, of the muscle.
  • The origin is usually at the more proximal, or closer to the body's center of mass, relative to the insertion. For example, one could say the wrist is distal to the elbow. Conversely, you can say the elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Movements 

Picture
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    When a muscle contracts, it pulls the bones it connects to closer to one another, by decreasing the angle of the movable joint that is spans. ​Knowing the insertion and origin helps us identify the action of the muscle. The way in which these bones are able to move closer to each other is dictated by the type of joint that the muscle spans. 

Muscular contraction produces an action, or a movement.

ROTATION

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Rotation is movement in which part of the body is pivoted or revolves around a single long axis. 
The Rotator is the muscle that functions to allow for rotational movement at a joint.
Picture

FLEXION AND EXTENSION

Flexion is movement that decreases the inner angle of the joint. A flexor is a muscle that causes flexion.
Extension
 is movement that increases the inner angle of the joint. An extensor is a muscle that causes extension.
Picture
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ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION

  • Abduction is movement away from the mid-line of the body.
  • Adduction is movement towards the mid-line of the body - also applies to movements inwards and across the body.
The abductor is  a muscle that can act to cause an abduction movement. 
The adductor is  a muscle that can act to cause an adduction movement. 
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Hip or leg adduction
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Hip abduction
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hip abduction
You may be thinking, "how am I going to memorize all of these actions of the muscle?" The answer is simply YOU DON'T!  You should not "memorize" the functions of the muscles. Instead you should know your anatomy and be able to infer the action of the muscle based on its origin and insertion, and by the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses.
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Remember, a muscle attaches to at least 2 bones and spans at least 1 movable joint. In order to determine the function of the muscle, you need to see if that muscle passes in front or behind the joint it spans.

Remember that muscles by themselves, really only have 2 actions; they can either contract (shorten) or relax. This means that muscles will essentially either 'pull' on the bones it attaches to, or "not pull" on those bones. 

Rules for determining muscle function/action:
​
  1. When the muscle passes in front of (anterior to) the joint, it functions in FLEXION. Flexion decreases the angle of the joint.
  2. When the muscle passes in behind (posterior to) the joint, it functions in EXTENSION. Extension increases the angle of the joint.
  3. When the muscle passes on the lateral side of the joint, it functions in ABDUCTION. Abduction acts to move a body part away from the midline. ​
  4. When the muscle passes on the medial side of the joint, it functions in ADDUCTION. Adduction acts to move a body part toward the midline. ​​

Trapezius

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Function:
  • Elevation/Depression of the Scapulae
  • upward rotation of the scapula
  • Retraction of the Scapula


Innervation of the Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)

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The trapezius muscles are the large major muscles of the upper back. The trapezius muscles function to move, rotate and stabilize the scapula (shoulder blade). 

​By Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image)., CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22182550
via GIPHY
​

Trapezius Muscle Attachments

Origins -
  1. The Occipital Bone
  2. Ligamentum Nuchae
  3. The Spinous Processes of the Thoracic Vertebrae
Insertions -
  1. The Clavicle Bone
  2. The Spine of the Scapula
  3. The Acromion Processes of the Scapula
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Origin: external occipital protuberance, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12, Nuchal ligament, Occipital Bone

Insertion : nuchal ligament, medial superior nuchal line, posterior border of the lateral one-third of the clavicle, acromion process, and spine of scapula

Nerve:  accessory nerve (motor)

Actions: The deltoid is the prime mover of arm abduction
​Rotation, retraction, elevation, and depression of scapula
  1. Origin(s) of the muscle
  2. Insertion(s) of the muscle
  3. Actions of the muscle
  4. Nerve supply of the muscle

​Deltoid

Picture
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Origins -
  1. The Clavicle 
  2. The Spine of the Scapula
  3. The Acromian Process of the Scapula
Insertions -
  1. The Deltoid Tuberosity of the Humerus
Primary Action -
  • Arm Abduction (out to the sides)
  • The deltoid is the prime mover of arm abduction.  
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The Gluteus Medius

Here is an illustration comparing the locations of the gluteus maximus and the gluteus medius. 
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Origins -
  1. Iliac Crest
  2. Iliac Spine

Insertions -
  1. The Greater Trochanter of the Femur​​
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​Gluteus Medius   

​ A portion of the 
gluteus medius lies superior to gluteus maximus. The inferior portion of the gluteus medius lies underneath (deep to)  the gluteus maximus.  The gluteus medius is one of the three gluteal muscles which lie on the outer portion of the pelvis at the posterior aspect. 
​
By Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27657573

The gluteus medius originates at the ilium (iliac spine and the iliac crest) and inserts at the greater trochanter of the femur. 

 Innervated by the superior gluteal nerve, a branch of the sacral plexus (L4-S1)
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The gluteal muscles allow for the extension of the thigh (femur) and abduction of the thigh (femur), as well as the external rotation and internal rotation of the hip joint.

Watch This 2-minute Video on How to Give an
​ Intramuscular Injection in the Gluteus Medius

QUADRICEPS

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The 4 Heads of the Quadriceps

  • The rectus femoris​is shown in blue. 
  • The vastus lateralis is shown in yellow.
  • The vastus intermedius is shown in green.
  • The vastus medialis is shown in red.
Picture
Attribution-ShareAlike 2.1 Japan (CC BY-SA 2.1 JP) by BodyParts3D/Anatomography https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriceps_femoris_muscle# /media/File:Quadriceps_3D.gif
The 4 heads of the quadriceps muscles have 4 different origins, but the same insertion: 
Rectus Femoris
​Origins:
  1. iliac spine
  2. ilium 
Insertion:
  1. tibial tuberosity
Vastus Medialis
Origin:
  1. the linea aspera 
Insertion:
  1. tibial tuberosity
Vastus lateralis
Origins:
  1. Near the greater trochanter 
  2. proximal half of the linea aspera
Insertion: 
  1. Tibial tuberosity 
Vastus Intermedius
Origins:
  1. distal half of the linea aspera
  2. anterolateral surface of the femur
Insertion:
  1. tibial tuberosity
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

Action: The quadriceps muscles are the prime movers of  Knee Extension / Leg Extension
The quadriceps femoris gets its name from the Latin words that mean "four-headed muscle of the femur". The quadraceps femoris refers to a muscle group that consists of 4 muscles of the anterior (front) thigh area (or the femoral area. The muscles are extensors of the knee. 
Quick Overview of the Quadriceps
  • ​Rectus femoris occupies the middle of the thigh, covering most of the other three quadriceps muscles. It originates on the ilium. It is named from its straight course.
The other three lie deep to rectus femoris and originate from the body of the femur, which they cover from the trochanters to the condyles:
  • Vastus lateralis is on the lateral side of the femur (i.e. on the outer side of the thigh).
  • Vastus medialis is on the medial side of the femur (i.e. on the inner part thigh).
  • Vastus intermedius lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on the front of the femur (i.e. on the top or front of the thigh), but underneath (deep) to the rectus femoris. Typically, it cannot be seen without dissection of the rectus femoris.

Rectus Femoris
Function = Extends leg and flexes thigh (brings thigh up)
The rectus femoris is the quadriceps muscle that lies at the middle of the front part of the thigh. It lies (wholly or partially) on top of the other three quadriceps muscles. It originates on the ilium. It is named from its straight-appearing orientation at the front of the thigh. 
Picture

Vastus Medialis
Function = Extends leg; stabilize knee (patella)
    The vastus medialis is located on the front medial portion of the thigh. It is one of the quadraceps muscles. The vastus medialis originates medially along the entire length of the femur. It is connected to the other quadriceps muscle. 

Vastus Lateralis
Function = Extends leg (brings leg straight) and stabilizes knee
The vastus lateralis muscle is the largest head of the
quadriceps group. It forms the lateral aspect of the thigh. 

Vastus Intermedius
Function = Extends leg
Vastus Intermedius Cannot be Viewed in the Muscular Leg Model Without Removing the Rectus Femoris.

​Vastus intermedius
 lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on the front of the femur (i.e. on the top or front of the thigh), but underneath (deep) to the rectus femoris. Typically, it cannot be seen without dissection of the rectus femoris. 
Picture

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