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    • Anatomy Basics
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      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
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      • joints
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      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
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      • Introduction to the Nervous System
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      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
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    • dissection of the fetal pig
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    • Homeostasis - Physio
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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
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    • Case Study One
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    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
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    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
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    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
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    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
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      • Predation
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  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
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  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
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      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
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    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
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    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
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      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
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    • A History of Human Biology
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    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
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  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
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    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
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    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
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    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
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    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
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    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
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  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
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    • Cells Portal
      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
      • The Cell Cycle
      • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
    • Tissues Portal SAC
      • The Integumentary System
      • Epithelial Tissues
      • Connective Tissue
      • Muscle Tissue
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
    • The Nervous System
      • Introduction to the Nervous System
      • Nervous Tissue
      • The Brain - Anat
      • The Ear - Sensory Organs
      • The Eye - Sensory Organs
    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • The Renal System
    • The Respiratory System
    • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PORTAL
      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic - Physio
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC - Physio
    • Chemical Bonds - Physio
    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
    • Lymphatic System
    • Respiratory System Physiology
    • Renal System
    • Digestive System
    • Reproductive System
  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
    • Lab 2 - Osmosis
    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
      • The Epidermis rio
      • Connective Tissue
  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

​Adaptations to Dry Climates
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      Plants have adapted to various climates. Today we will be exploring the adaptations plants have used to survive in hot dry summers and mild wet winters of California. We will be exploring the Rio Hondo College Wildlife Sanctuary located in Whittier, CA. The Sanctuary is a chaparral ecosystem which includes shrubs and plants that are somewhat tolerant of drought conditions. The rainfall is higher than is found in desert regions. However, the rainfall can be sporadic and occasional drought conditions are not uncommon.

     This type of dry brush is also easily set ablaze in the hot dry summer months and becomes the site of multiple wildfires each year. Chaparral plants have adapted to thrive even in the presence of wildfires. Some of these plants can regenerate from only a small section of undamaged root lying protected in the ground. In fact, some of these plants have seeds that require the heat of a fire in order to germinate! 

     The chaparral found at this location is covered with plants from the coastal sage scrub community.  This ecosystem is known for having plants with evergreen leaves. These plants do not loose their leaves. 
Plants for Dry Conditions. ... Characteristics of plants that normally are adapted to dry conditions include thick fleshy leaves; very narrow leaves (such as those of many evergreen species); and hairy, spiny, or waxy leaves. All of these are adaptations that help reduce the amount of water lost from the leaves

Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca)

Images courtesy of ​By Miwasatoshi - Own work, GFDL, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3819827 
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     Tree tobacco is an invasive species commonly found in California.  The plant is used for smoking tabacco and for medicinal purposes. The tobacco leaves  have been used by Native Americans to treat swelling, bruises, cuts, wounds, boils, sore throat, and swollen glands. However, the leaves also contain a toxic alkaloid called anabasine that can be fatal if ingested! It may also be used as a fuel source for new formulas of biofuel! 

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Mule Fat (Bacharris vulgare)

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     The Mule Fat is a flowering shrub with a peculiar name. It is native to the desert southwest of the United States and northern Mexico. The Mule fat is an extremely tough plant that can withstand drought and grown flowers year round. 

Horehound (Marrubium vulgare)

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     Horehound is a perennial herb belonging to the mint family. It is aromatic and recognizable by its oval leaves covered with white flowers. The leaves and flower of the horehound have been traditionally used as a natural remedy for the common cold, as well as a long list of minor ailments. Horehound can still be found in cough drops and homeopathic cold medicines. 


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Elderberry (Sambucus mexicana)

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     The elderberry is well-suited to the hot dry, fire-prone climate of the chaparral.  the elderberry has thick leaves that retain moisture as a defense against hot dry summers. The elderberry is able to regenerate easily after a fire by using its leftover stump. 
     The elderberry produces blue berries which are used by humans and wildlife as a source of nutrition. Interestingly, the immature blue berry is actually poisonous. 
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California Sagebrush (Artemisia californica)

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  The California Sagebrush has a small base that spreads out with multiple branches. These shrubs remain somewhat small, reaching heights of about 5-8 feet. 
    The leaves of the California sagebrush are hairy and vary in color from light green to gray. They also tend to curl under at the edges.
​Image courtesy of By Antandrus at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32925851

Black Sage (Salvia mellifera)

Picture
Image courtesy of ​By Curtis Clark  Own work CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=716152

     The Black Sage has a strong scent and will probably be the most dominant aroma you encounter in the chaparral. The black sage is a small coast shrub native to California and Baja California, Mexico. The Black Sage appears darker in times of low rainfall. 
Picture
Image courtesy of Dave's Garden ​http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/4712#b 

Lemonade-Berry (Rhus Intergrifolia)

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Images courtesy of http://www.carmichaelenvironmental.com/articles/2015/6/16/local-forages-lemonade-berry​
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    The Lemonade-Berry has thick leathery leaves that retain water within the plant. This makes the Lemonade-Berry resistant to the drought conditions that are common in the chaparral. The oily substance on the berries can be harvested and made into a drink that tastes like lemonade. 

Laurel Sumac (Rhus Laurina)

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The Laurel Sumac has taco-shaped leaves that can grow to approximately 4 inches long. The stemmed edges of the leaves have a reddish color year round. 

The Laurel Sumac has adapted to the fires of the chaparral by gaining the ability to regrow from only its roots underground. 

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Images courtesy of The Noah Project ​http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/12234876 

Poison Oak (Rhus Diversiloba)

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    Poison oak grows in patches and can cause a painful itchy rash if touched with unprotected skin. It can grow tall or grow 13 feet tall or it can grow as a vine up to 100 feet long!

  The plant is winter deciduous, so that after cold weather sets in, the stems are leafless and bear only the occasional cluster of berries. (Deciduous plants are plants that loose their leaves).

   Without leaves the stems may sometimes be identified by occasional black marks where its milky sap may have oozed and dried.


Image courtesy of By Elf at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6059118

Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia)

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     The California live oak is an evergreen oak. This means they do not loose their leaves and their leaves stay green year round. This oak is the only California native oak that is tolerant of salty ocean spray. It is also able to gather moisture from coastal fog. 

By PeterOMalley - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8312938​ 

Gooseberry (Ribes speciosum)

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     The gooseberry is also known as fuchsia flowering gooseberry or fuschia flowering currant. These shrubs are evergreen and grow up to 4 feet tall with red fuchsia-like flowers that emerge. It is summer deciduous (looses its leaves in the summer) if it is under drought stress. 

Mustard Plant

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Mustard plants contain several species. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar, or other liquids, creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard. The seeds can also be pressed to make mustard oil, and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens. Recent research has studied varieties of mustards with high oil contents for use in the production of biodiesel, a renewable liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel. The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good cold flow properties and cetane ratings. The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide.

By Hopeoflight - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23670673​

Grasses

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     Grasses are present in almost every climate and habitat on Earth.  Grasses are a vital food source for many grazing animals and a wide range of other animals and insects. 
Grasses are resilient to grazing and quickly recover from cropping at the top. Grasses can easily take over fire-cleared areas if there are not enough grazing animals to keep the spread in check.  

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California Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum )

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​     California buckwheat (or flat-topped buckwheat, Eriogonum fasciculatum) is a prolific bloomer even in the long hot days of summer. The low, spreading shrub bears clusters of white to pinkish flowers, which become a conspicuous mahogany color in the fall. The small, narrow, rolled leaves resemble those of rosemary. This is not the buckwheat of pancake-fame, but it is an important nectar source for bees, and the resultant honey is delicious

Thistle

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By Taken byfir0002 | flagstaffotos.com.auCanon 20D + Sigma 150mm f/2.8 - Own work, GFDL 1.2, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1526654
      The thistle is an invasive species of flowering plants that have  sharp prickled leaves and stems. The prickles are an adaptation that protects it from hungry predators. 
  The thistle can be biennial (living 2 years) or perennial (living more than 2 years). The short life cycle of the thistle helps the plant survive the hot dry conditions of the chaparral. In years of extreme drought, the thistle can greatly speed up its life cycle, completing its life cycle in as little as 3 months.  This behavior leads to many normally biennial plants being treated as annuals in some areas.
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By I, Murderbike, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2277368

California Holly (​Heteromeles arbutifolia)

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    Hollywood, CA got its name from the California Holly Bush that dominates the hills of the Southern California Coast. The California holly bush has adapted to the hot dry conditions of the chaparral. 


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