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    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
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      • Module 1 Assignments
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    • Biomes
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    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
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    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
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      • Enzymes
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    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
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      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
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  • Human Biology
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    • Levels of Organization
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    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
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      • Viruses and Prions
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      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

THE DERMIS

THE DERMIS

Looking Beneath the the Surface

Connective tissues include a wide variety of tissue types with a wide variety of functions, only one of those functions is to connect tissues and organs together. For example, your bones and your cartilage are connective tissues that function as the structural support of the body. Fat tissue and blood are connective tissues that function to store and carry nutrients. Connective tissue proper acts to surround delicate vessels and nerves and contains specialized cells that fight infection. ​
​

The four broad categories of connective tissue are classified according to the characteristics of their ground substance and the types of fibers found within the matrix.
The 4 Types of Connective Tissues Include:
​
1) Connective Tissue Proper
2) Cartilage
3) Bone
4) Blood
Picture
connective tissue proper
Picture
cartilage
Picture
bone
Picture
blood
​There are 3 characteristics that are shared by all of the different types of connective tissue. 
  1. All connective tissue contains relatively few cells with large spaces between them.
  2. All connective tissue contains a large amount of extracellular matrix (ground substances and protein fibers).​
  3. All connective tissues have the same embryonic origin; the mesenchyme (comes from mesoderm germ layer of embryo). 
  4. Special cell that secrete extracellular matrix proteins
    •fibroblasts for areolar tissue and reticular C.T.,
    •adipocytes for adipose
    •chondroblasts for cartilage
    •osteoblasts for bone
    •hematopoietic stem cell for blood
Picture

A quick word about
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
​ before we dive in. 
​

      Connective tissues are composed of not only of specific cell types, but also the protein fibers and ground substance that make up the surrounding extracellular matrix. Connective tissue cells are interspersed within the unique extracellular matrix of the tissue. The composition and density  of proteins and molecules that make up the matrix varies with the different types of connective tissues. It is the specific composition of the cells, ground substance and the protein fibers that make up the connective tissue that gives it the ability to provide its specific function within the body. This is the complementarity between structure and function in connective tissues.
THE MATRIX IS REAL!
Picture
Connective Tissues Share the Same Embryonic Origin, Coming From the Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Picture
    The connective tissues (connective tissue proper, bone, cartilage and blood) have the same embryonic origin.  They all originate from mesenchymal stem cells, except for the blood. Blood originates from hematopoietic stem cells of the red bone marrow within bone tissue. 
Picture
   What is the "Ground Substance"? The ground substance refers to the substance that surrounds the cells and fibers of the extracellular matrix. The ground substance is a thick or jelly-like substance in connective tissues, except for in bone and cartilage in which the ground substance is calcified.

   What are the "Protein Fibers"?  The matrix has a scaffolding made up of fibrous proteins. that provide support for the connective tissue.

 
​   There are 3 types of protein fibers that can be found in connective tissues: 1) collagen fibers, 2) reticular fibers, and 3) elastic fibers. The types, density, and distribution of the protein fibers is unique in different connective tissue types.  

The 3 Types of Protein Fibers Found in
​Connective Tissues

1) collagen fibers
Picture
2) reticular fibers
Picture
3) elastic fibers
Picture

The Dermis

    The dermis is the larger, more durable portion of our skin which lies deep to the epithelium. It is primarily composed of connective tissue proper. 
   Connective tissue proper contains the following types of cells:
  1. fibroblasts
  2. macrophages
  3. mast cells
  4. white blood cells
Picture
Areolar Connective Tissue - A Type of Loose Connective Tissue from the Category "Connective Tissue Proper"
Fibroblasts...
  • Fibroblasts are the primary cell type of connective tissue proper.
  • Fibroblasts continuously secrete the fibers (collagen, elastin and reticular fibers) for the extracellular matrix 
  • Fibroblasts continuously secrete components that make up the ground substance (semi-liquid substance) of the extracellular matrix. 
Picture

​ 

The dermis contains the following structures:
  1. nerve fibers
  2. blood vessels
  3. lymphatic vessels
  4. the bulk of the hair follicles
  5. the bulk of the oil glands
  6. the bulk of the sweat glands​
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The Layers of the Dermis
The dermis has the following two layers:
​
  1. The Papillary Layer
  2. The Reticular Layer
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   The thin, superficial layer of the dermis is called the papillary layer. The papillary layer is composed of areolar connective tissue which has 1) collagen fibers, 2) reticular fibers and 3) elastic fibers. Elastic fibers provide the stretch-recoil properties of skin, and collagen hydrates the skin by holding onto water molecules.
  • ​ The papillary layer composed of areolar connective tissue. ​This is a loose type of connective tissue proper. 
  •  The reticular layer is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. This is a dense type of connective tissue proper. 
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Areolar Connective Tissue
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An illustration of Areolar Connective Tissue
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Macrophage
The key functions of areolar tissue can be summarized as providing:
  • Support
  • Strength
  • Elasticity​
Elastic fibers provide the stretch-recoil properties of skin.
   It is important that the papillary layer is composed of LOOSE connective tissue, so that the phagocytes and other defensive cells (mast cells and white blood cells) can travel around and "patrol" the area looking for any foreign invaders that may have penetrated the protective barrier of the epidermis.  
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The Papillary Layer of the Dermis

    The papillary layer of the dermis gets its name from the structures called the "dermal papillae".  These are the ridges that lie just below the epidermis. ​
    The papillae and the papillary layer as a whole, contain many specialized features and structures that enable the dermis to have various functions.
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Capillary Loops
   The blood vessels make a looped structure within many of the papillae called a ​capillary loop. Since the epidermis does not have its own blood supply, it gets its nutrients and oxygen from the tiny blood vessels that travel through the nearby papillae. ​
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Free Nerve Endings
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     Free nerve endings can also be found in the papillae, at the hair root, and the epidermis. The free nerve endings are pain receptors that function to protect the dermis from further damage after injury. It is your body's way of letting you know to be aware of the area and take care of it. ​

Krause End Bulbs
​(Bulboid Corpuscles)
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  • Krause End Bulbs (otherwise known as bulboid corpuscles) are thermoreceptors which give us our sense of temperature. 

Meissner’s Corpuscles (Tactile Corpuscles)
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  • Meissner’s corpuscles (tactile corpuscles) sense light touch.  They are found in the papillae of the papillary layer of the dermis only. 

Pacinian Corpuscles (Lamellar Corpuscles)
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  • Pacinian corpuscles (a.k.a. lamellar corpuscles) sense vibration and pressure.  They lie in the deep portions of the reticular layer of the dermis. 

   The ​Reticular Layer of the Dermis

   The reticular layer of the dermis lies beneath (or deep to) the papillary layer of the dermis and above (or superficial to) the hypodermis. The reticular layer is much larger than the papillary layer and is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. 
   The reticular layer of the dermis contains the following:
  • the cutaneous plexus - network of blood vessels
  • adipose cells
  • inter-locking collagen fibers​ - collagen keeps skin hydrated by holding water. 
Tension Lines (Cleavage Lines)
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  • Tension (or cleavage) lines.  Tension lines of the human skin. They follow the main fibers of the connective tissue of skin. Surgeons use these lines as guides. Incisions are made parallel to these lines, which assists in the healing process. 

  Coloration of the Skin
​   Melanin works along with levels of carotene and hemoglobin in the skin to determine the coloration of the skin. 

Melanin is made in the skin. Melanin is a polymer made of tyrosine amino acids. Its two forms range in color from reddish yellow to brownish black. It 
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​Flexure Lines
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   ​Flexure lines are created around joints due to the dermis being anchored to deeper structures and being resistant to sliding motions.

​We can observe example of flexure lines on our
  • palm of the hand
  • sole of the foot
  • wrists
  • fingers
  • toes

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Melanin is produced in the skin and comes in various colors and types. Exposure to UV radiation stimulates melanogenesis which causes the skin to darken. Melanin filters out UV radiation and protects the skin from UVB radiation damage which can lead to sun burns, premature aging and melanoma (skin cancer). 

   Clinical Observations of Abnormal Skin Coloration
  • BLUE SKIN (cyanosis) - When the blood is severely lacking in oxygen, people with a light complexion can appear to turn blue. This is because you are able to see the color of the blood through their skin. Cyanosis is not evident in people with darker complexions. Cyanosis is a indication of severe distress and help should be sought immediately. Possible causes of cyanosis include heart failure or severe respiratory distress. ​
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  • YELLOW SKIN (Jaundice) - Jaundice is a severe condition in which medical attention should be sought immediately. The white portion of the eyes (sclera) becomes yellow along with a yellowing of the skin. This condition is usually a sign of a failing liver and the yellowing of the tissues is due to the build up of the excess yellow bile stored in the tissues. 

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  • BRONZE SKIN (Bronzing): A sudden unexplained bronze, metallic-like appearance of the skin can be an indication of one of the following:
    • Addisons disease - Addisons disease is marked by an underactive adrenal cortex and therefore, a reduction in the release of steroid hormones. 
    • Pituitary gland  - a pituitary tumor could be releasing too much melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). 
​
  • BLACK and/or BLUE SKIN (bruises and hematomas) - Bruises and hematomas are created from broken blood vessels. The blood the leaks out of the broken blood vessels creating a patch of discoloration. When larger amounts of blood are released from broken blood vessels, the blood forms a blood clot under the skin called a hematoma. The word "hemotoma" is derived from the Latin words for “blood swelling”


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