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    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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      • The Basics
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    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
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    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
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  • General Biology
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    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
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    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
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    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
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      • Verne the Sperm pg1
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  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
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    • Cells Portal
      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
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      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
    • Tissues Portal SAC
      • The Integumentary System
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      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
    • The Nervous System
      • Introduction to the Nervous System
      • Nervous Tissue
      • The Brain - Anat
      • The Ear - Sensory Organs
      • The Eye - Sensory Organs
    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • The Renal System
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    • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PORTAL
      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic - Physio
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC - Physio
    • Chemical Bonds - Physio
    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
    • Lymphatic System
    • Respiratory System Physiology
    • Renal System
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    • Reproductive System
  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
    • Lab 2 - Osmosis
    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
      • The Epidermis rio
      • Connective Tissue
  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, NECK AND TORSO

check out the muscle tissues page
Check out The Muscles of the Limbs page
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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscles of the Head and Neck
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MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND FACE

via GIPHY

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Orbicularis Oculi Muscles
 Function: Closes the Eyes

​The orbicularis oculi muscle is in charge of your "blinking" motion and being able to squint or close your eye tightly. It appears as a ringlike band of muscle, called a sphincter muscle, that surrounds the eye. Sphincter muscles are arranged in a circular pattern.
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Orbicularis Oris Muscles
Function: Puckers (purses) Lips 

​The orbicularis oris muscle is a sphincter muscle that encircles the mouth. It is sometimes called the kissing muscle because it causes the lips to close and pucker.
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Muscles of Mastication (Temporalis and Masseter)


Temporalis Muscles
Function:  Elevates Mandible
The temporalis muscle (or temporal muscle) is one of the muscles you use for chewing (mastication). When you clinch your jaw, you see a couple of muscles contract at the jaw joint. If you clench your jaw, you can see and feel it contracting at the temples on both sides of your head.  It's attached to the mandible (jaw) and to the skull's temporal bone, or temporal fossa. 
When the jaw is clinched, the muscles of mastication are visible. The upper muscle is the temporalis and the lower, more noticeable muscle is the masseter. 
TEMPORALIS MUSCLE
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​By Anatomography - Anatomography( configuration page of this image[1], CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20910061

​    When the jaw is clinched, the muscles of mastication are visible.
​   The upper muscle is the temporalis and the lower, more noticeable muscle is the masseter
. 
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Masseter Muscles
Function:  Closes Jaw
 The most visible muscle of mastication is the masseter muscle. It is a strong, superficial muscle that function to close the jaw.  
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                                                                                                                  The name "masseter" comes from a Greek meaning "one who chews".    ​

The masseter is the major muscle of the jaw. It's principle action is to close the jaw, but it also acts in the side-to-side and forward and back (i.e. protraction and retraction) movement of the jaw.
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 The most visible muscle of mastication is the masseter muscle. It is a strong, superficial muscle that function to close the jaw.  ​
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Masseter_muscle_animation.gif

Buccinator Muscles
Function: Holds Food in Mouth (Keeps Food Between Grinding Teeth)
    Your buccinators are the muscles of your cheeks. You may recall that the cheek is considered the "buccal" region. These anatomical terms come from the Greek word, "bucca".

    The buccinator functions to flatten the cheek area and help hold food in the right place so it can get chomped by your teeth, instead of falling into the pockets of your cheeks between the cheek and gums. 
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 Zygomaticus Muscles

via GIPHY

Zygomaticus Major Muscles of the face.
Picture
By Anatomography - Anatomography (setteing page of this image file), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20936738
Function:  Smiling 
    The zygomaticus muscles are the muscles of your face that help you show emotion by smiling.

​    
You have a zygomaticus major and a zygomaticus minor. These muscles act together to 
form the smile on your face by pulling up the corners of your mouth. This also allows the poofing out your 'happy' cheeks.    
Zygomaticus Minor Muscles of the face.
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By Anatomography - Anatomography (setteing page of this image file), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21148978
 The zygomaticus major is larger than the minor and sits lower on the face, extending down to the mouth. The zygomaticus minor is higher and closer to the nose and upper cheek. ​Both of the zygomaticus muscles also function to keep food in the mouth when chewing. 
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Sternocleidomastoid Muscles
Function: Flexes the Head 
The sternocleidomastoid muscles (sternomastoid or SCM)  are the muscles of your neck responsible for rotation of your head and flexion (tilting head on one shoulder). It is one of the largest cervical muscles and is easy visible when a person turns their head from side to side. 
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The 'sterno-' portion of its name comes from that fact that one of its origination points is at the sternum (more specifically at the manubrium which is the upper portion of the sternum).   It also originates at the clavicle (collar bone), which is where the 'cleido-'  portion of its name comes from.  
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The name  ends with "mastoid", because the sternocleidomastoid muscle ends with an attachment at the mastoid process of the temporal bone    The name. sternocleidomastoid, describes the muscles' points of connectivity within the body. ​

Summary of the Muscles of Head and Neck

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MUSCLES OF THE TORSO (trunk)

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How can I tell the function of muscle? The function of a muscle can be inferred by the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses.

Remember, a muscle attaches to at least 2 bones and spans at least 1 joint. In order to determine the function of the muscle, you need to see if that muscle passes in front or behind the joint it spans.

Remember that muscles only have 2 actions; they can either contract (shorten) or relax. This means that muscles will essentially 'pull' on the bone it attaches to. 
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Rules for determining muscle function:

The Superficial Muscles of the Thorax Include the Trapezius, the Pectoralis (Major and Minor), the Deltoid and the Latissimus Dorsi

Trapezius Muscles
Function: Shrugs Shoulders
The trapezius muscles are the large major muscles of the upper back. The trapezius muscles function to move, rotate and stabilize the scapula (shoulder blade). 
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​By Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image)., CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22182550

via GIPHY

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Pectoralis Major and Minor Muscles
Function: Flexion, rotation and adduction of the arm. 
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​The pectoralis major is a large muscle of the upper chest region (thoracic region). It connects the bones of the chest to the shoulders and upper arms. It originates at the sternum and the costal cartilage (from the costal cartilage of the 2nd to the 5th pair of ribs).  The pectoralis major attaches to the clavicle and to the humerus, just below the shoulder. The pectoralis major muscle allows you to move your arm across the body. 

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The pectoralis minor muscles lie underneath the pectoralis major muscles closer to the axillary region (region of the armpit). The pectoralis minor and are considerably smaller. It is smaller of the two sets of muscles that connect the bones of the chest to the shoulder and upper arm. Sitting in the axilla and largely below the pectoralis major, the thin pectoralis minor muscle fastens to the shoulder blade (scapula) at the coracoid process and connects it to the center of each side of the chest near the cartilage of the middle ribs (anterior, sternal surfaces generally of the third through fifth ribs).
​

By Anatomography - Anatomography (setteing page of this image.),
​ CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21204069

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Deltoid Muscles
     The deltoid muscle is the rounded muscle of the shoulder and upper arm. The deltoid muscle is named after the Greek letter "delta", because it has a similar triangular shape. The deltoid is attaches to clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone).
     Contraction of the deltoid muscle results in a wide range of movement of the arm at the shoulder due to its location and the wide separation of its muscle fibers.
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via GIPHY

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Latissimus Dorsi
Latissimus dorsi comes from the words ‘latissimus’ = widest and ‘dorsi’ = back.
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FUNCTION : Major muscle for arm extension, adduction and medial rotation of arm.

Other functions –
Bringing the arm down forcefully (hammering)
Swimming
Reaching overhead
Chin-ups
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Summary of the Superficial Muscles of the Torso

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The Deep Muscles of the Torso Include the Internal and External Intercostal Muscles and the Muscles of the Rotator Cuff (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus and the Teres Major)

Internal and External Intercostal Muscles
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IMAGE Courtesy of ​By CFCF - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44308826
 The internal intercostals form the intermediate intercostal muscle layer. The internal intercostal muscles pull the rib cage down to allow for expiration(or exhalation). 
​

Internal Intercostals

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The function of the deep muscles of the thorax is to assist in respiration (breathing). The medical term for inhalation (or breathing inwardly) is inspiration and the medical term for exhalation (or breathing outwardly) is expiration. In order for inspiration to occur, the thoracic cavity (which includes the pleural cavities) must expand (or increase in volume). Conversely, in order for expiration (exhalation) to occur, the thoracic cavity must collapse (or decrease in volume).
​

 Just FYI - The deepest muscle layer of the thoracic wall attaches to the internal surfaces of the ribs. The function of the deepest layer is unknown.
The external intercostal muscles function to expand the thoracic cavity upon inspiration (inhalation) by acting to lift the rib cage. The external intercostal muscles make up the most superficial of the 3 layers of intercostals.
​

External Intercostals

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IMAGE and GIFa By Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22763359 
GIFa By Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22763359 ​

Four muscles make up the rotator cuff that encircles the shoulder joint.
The rotator cuff muscles include the following:
1) The Subscapularis (Pink)
2) The Supraspinatus (Violet)
3) The Infraspinatus (Blue)
4) The Teres Minor (Red)

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Supraspinatus
Function = initiates abduction of arm
The supraspinatus muscles originate at the supraspinatus fossa (which lies just above the spinous process of the scapulae and inserts at the greater tubercle of the humerus. The supraspinatus muscles function to abduct the arm and to stabilize the shoulder. It is located superiorly at the posterior aspect of the scapulae.
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GIF Courtesy of  Young Lae Moon, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23337523
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GIF Courtesy of Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22799710
Infraspinatus
Function = laterally rotates the arm;  helps stabilize the shoulder
The infraspinatus muscles connect the scapulae and the humerus as one of the rotator cuff muscles. It lies at the posterior aspect of the scapulae and is below (inferior to) the supraspinatus. The infraspinatus muscle originates at the infraspinous fossa of the scapula, which lies just below the spine of the scapulae. The literal translation for infraspinatus in "below spine" which refers to its origin beneath the spine of the scapulae. . This muscle inserts at the middle part of the greater tubercle of the humerus. The infraspinatus functions to laterally rotate the arm and it helps stabilize the shoulder by drawing the humerus toward the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
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GIF Courtesy of Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22787515

Teres Major

Function: Adduction of the arm; Extends arms, Medially Rotates arm. 
The word 'teres' comes from a Latin word meaning  'rounded'. The teres major muscle does not live up to its name very well, because it looks more like a thick flattened rectangle. The teres major muscle originates at the inferior aspect of the scapulae and inserts into the  humerus. 

By Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22783829
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Muscles of the Abdomen

Muscles of the Abdomen

The abdominal muscles include the following:
• External oblique          • Internal oblique           • Transversus abdominus         • Rectus abdominis
​    The walls of the abdomen do not have bones protecting it. This allows for the abdomen to be more flexible, but it leaves the area more vulnerable to injury. For this reason, your abdominal wall contains strong, broad,  sheet-like muscles. The anterior and lateral portions of the abdominal wall are composed of three broad, flat sheets of muscle. These are the external obliques, the internal obliques, and the transverse abdominis. 

HOW THE STRIATIONS OF THE MUSCLE YOU ARE LOOKING AT, WILL AN IMPORTANT CLUE THAT TELLS YOU WHAT ABDOMINAL MUSCLE IT IS.

RECTUS ABDOMINIS - striations are oriented VERTICALLY (up and down)
TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS - 
striations are oriented HORIZONTALLY (on the transverse plane)
EXTERNAL OBLIQUES -
striations are oriented DIAGONALlY DOWNWARD
INTERNAL OBLIQUES -
striations are oriented DIAGONALLY UPWARD 
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Rectus Abdominis 

Function = Flexing the lumbar spine, placing the ribs closer to the pelvis, like when you are doing a "crunch" sit up.
   The rectus abdominis muscles are what is commonly referred to as your "abs" or your "six-pack".  These are the muscles that run vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the abdomen. There two parallel muscles are separated by the linea alba, which is a vertical band of connective tissue that runs down the midline. The rectus abdominis runs from the pevis to the anterior portions of the lower ribs and the xiphoid process of the sternum. ​
    The "six pack" appearance of the rectus abdominis muscles is due to bands of connective tissue, called the tendinous intersections.  

​External Obliques

Function = Assists is trunk rotation and flexion of the vertebral column.
    The external oblique muscles are named according to their location. The word 'oblique' means 'to run at an angle'. The external obliques originate by the lower ribs and insert at a few locations within the pelvis. ​The external obliques function to flex the vertebral column and to compress the abdominal wall. The external obliques lie on either side of the rectus abdominis muscles. The function of the external oblique muscles is to allow the trunk to twist to the opposite side of whichever external oblique is contracting. For example, the right external oblique contracts to turn the body to the left. They also function in trunk rotation and lateral flexion. 
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external oblique

Internal Obliques

​     The rectus abdominis connects the lower ribs to the pubic bone which is located at the front of the pelvis. The main function of the rectus abdominis is to move the body between the ribcage and the pelvis
Function = Assists is trunk rotation and flexion of the vertebral column.
    The internal oblique muscles lie underneath (deep) to the external obliques. These muscles attach to the the area of the rectus abdominis muscles that is located just inside of the hip (coxal) bones.  These muscles operate in the opposite direction to the external oblique muscles. For example, twisting the trunk to the left requires the left side internal oblique and the right side external oblique to contract together.

​Transverse Abdominis

Function = Compresses abdomen inwards
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    The word 'transverse' means 'horizontal' and 'abdominis' means 'of the abdomen'. Therefore the 'transverse abdominis' translates literally to mean 'horizontal muscles of the abdomen'. The traverse abdominis muscles are the deepest (innermost) muscles of the abdominal wall. The fibers of this muscle run horizontally. It functions to compress the abdomen and assists in child delivery in females.
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