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    • Anatomy Basics
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      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
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      • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
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      • The Integumentary System
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      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
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      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
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      • Introduction to the Nervous System
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      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
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    • Homeostasis - Physio
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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
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    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
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      • The Epidermis
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    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
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    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
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        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
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      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
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      • Chemical Bonds
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  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
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    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
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  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
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    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
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  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
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  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
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  • Anatomy
    • Anatomy - CMC Home Page
      • Practical Exam #2 REDEMPTION EXAM!
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    • Anatomy Basics
      • Intro to Anatomy
      • Medical Terminology
      • A History of Anatomy
      • Levels of Organization
      • Anatomical Positions
      • Anatomical Planes
      • Anatomical Regions
      • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Cells Portal
      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
      • The Cell Cycle
      • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
    • Tissues Portal SAC
      • The Integumentary System
      • Epithelial Tissues
      • Connective Tissue
      • Muscle Tissue
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
    • The Nervous System
      • Introduction to the Nervous System
      • Nervous Tissue
      • The Brain - Anat
      • The Ear - Sensory Organs
      • The Eye - Sensory Organs
    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • The Renal System
    • The Respiratory System
    • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PORTAL
      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic - Physio
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC - Physio
    • Chemical Bonds - Physio
    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
    • Lymphatic System
    • Respiratory System Physiology
    • Renal System
    • Digestive System
    • Reproductive System
  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
    • Lab 2 - Osmosis
    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
      • The Epidermis rio
      • Connective Tissue
  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

​GENERAL BIOLOGY - POPULATION ECOLOGY

​A SHORT TRIP   
​
​​F
ROM 500,000 TO 7.4 BILLION
​PEOPLE ON EARTH

POPULATION ECOLOGY


​POPULATION ECOLOGY - Study Guide

Population Ecology
 
Population ecology (or autecology) is a sub-field of ecology that deals with
            1) the dynamics of species populations
            2) how these populations interact with the environment
            3) how the population sizes of species change over time and geographic location
 
Population Ecology Facts You Should Know:
1.      The term population ecology is often used interchangeably with population biology or population dynamics.
2.      The development of population ecology owes much to demography and actuarial life tables. 
  1. Population ecology is important in conservation biology, especially in the development of population viability analysis (PVA) which makes it possible to predict the long-term probability of a species persisting in a given habitat patch.
  2. Although population ecology is a subfield of biology, it provides interesting problems for mathematicians and statisticians who work in population dynamics.

 
The human population is growing at an exponential rate and is affecting the populations of other species in return. 
1.      Examples
  • chemical pollution
  • deforestation
  • irrigation 
  • desertification
  • waste
  • resource depletion
 
This principle in population ecology provides the basis for formulating predictive theories 
 
Population density
 
Dispersion pattern - The way individuals are spaced within an area
  1.       Clumped dispersion – grouped in patches
  2.       Uniform dispersion
  3.       Random dispersion
 
Dispersion pattern details
 
1.      Clumped dispersion pattern
  • grouped in patches
  • most common type of dispersion
  • Is often the result of an unequal distribution of resources
  • Examples:
  1.       Humans
  2.       Sea stars group where food is abundant
  3.       Mushrooms grow where rich soil is

  1. Uniform dispersion pattern – evenly spread out over a given area
  • Is often the result individual interactions of a population
  • Examples:
  1.       People in a lecture hall tend to spread out
  2.       Some plants secrete chemicals and inhibit germination and growth of nearby plants that would be in competition for resources
  3.       Territorial behavior
  4. Random dispersion pattern – spread out in an unpredictable way
  • Is often due to…
  1.       Social interactions
  2.       Varying habitat conditions
  • Examples:
1. Plants that grow from wind-blown seeds
  • Dandelions
 
Life Tables and Survivorship Curves
 
Life tables
  • Life tables track survivorship
  • Survivorship is the probability (or chance) of an individual to survive (or live past) a certain age.
  • Another way to look at it is that it is a table which shows, for each age, what the probability is that a person of that age will die before his or her next birthday ("probability of death"). In other words, it represents the survivorship of people from a certain population
 
Survivorship curves
How do we make a survivorship curve?      Plot the log of the percentage of survivors by the percent maximum lifespan to get the “survivorship curves”.
 
There are 3 types of survivorship curves
  1.       Type I
  2.       Type II
  3.       Type III
 
1.      Type I survivorship curve
  • For a Species that exhibits a type I survivorship curve – Most of the individuals of that species will survive until they reach “old age”
  • Examples
  1.       Humans
  2.       Large mammals
 
2.      Type II survivorship curve
  • For a Species that exhibits a type Ii survivorship curve – the survivorship of that species remains relatively constant over the lifespan.
  • Examples:
  1.       Hydra
  2.       Invertebrates
  3.       Lizards
  4.       Rodents
 
3.      Type III survivorship curve
  • For a Species that exhibits a type IIi survivorship curve – Most of the individuals of that species will die young, but the ones that live on to adulthood will live a relatively long time.
  • Animals who have large numbers of offspring, but provide little care for them
  • Examples:
  1.       Fish
  2.       Oysters
 
Idealized models
Idealized models give Predictions of population growth
In biology, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population.
 

  1.       Notes about the human population
    1.       Global human population growth amounts to around 75 million annually, or 1.1% per year.
    2.       The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012.
    3.       The human population is expected to keep growing.
    4.       estimates have put the total population at 8.4 billion by mid-2030
    5.       estimates have put the total population at 9.6 billion by mid-2050.
    6.       The nations with rapid population growth generally have low standards of living, whereas those nations with low rates of population growth have high standards of living.
 
Two idealized patterns of population growth:
  1.       Exponential (or “geometric” for discrete version)
  2.       Logistic (s-shaped)
 
Population growth models

 
Exponential Growth Model
  • In the exponential model of population growth, you do not see the effect of limiting factors. 
  • Population undergo rapid and explosive growth of population.

  • This equation expresses rate of change
  • the intrinsic rate of increase “r” is assumed to be constant
 
•When a population is introduced to a new environment, it will often display Exponential Growth.
•After some time, this will change to a logistic growth model.
 
Logistic Growth Model
 

•Carrying capacity (K) (the limitations of that environment)
          Limiting factors that contribute to the logistical growth model are …
  1.       Predation
  2.       Parasites
  3.       Food sources
  4.      Illness
  5.       Change in environment
  6.        Predation
  7.      Territory
  8.      Illness
  9.         Change in environment
  10.         Intraspecific competition – when members of the same species compete for limited resources. This leads to a reduction in fitness for both individuals.
  11.       Interspecific competition - when members of different species compete for a shared resource.
 
 “Boom-and-bust” population cycles
- These are dramatic fluxuations in population
Boom-and-Bust cycles occur when the population growth of one species is closely tied to a limiting factor that may be expended.

  •          The predator populations increase and decrease as the prey numbers change.
  •          Predation may be an important cause of density-dependent mortality for some prey.
  •          Boom-and-bust cycles: Prey populations rapidly increase.
 
The Boom-and-Bust cycle has two-phases:

  1.       Boom – rapid population increase is followed by a…
  2.       BUST – population falls back to minimal levels
 
Example of Boom-and-Bust cycle - Lynx and snowshoe hare population cycles
  1.       Lynx and snowshoe hare population cycles have a period of rapid population increase followed by a sudden precipitous decline in numbers. 

  1.       The increase is prey is then followed by an increase in the predator population.
  2.       As predators eat the prey, the prey population goes down.
  3.       As the predator’s food source becomes scarce, the predator population decreases.
  4.      As the predator population decreases, The prey population can increase again
  5.       —the cycle repeats; for example, the snowshoe hare and lynx have a 10-year cycle.
 
Evolution shapes life histories
 
There are different kinds of evolutionary selectivity
1.      r-selection
2.      K-selection
 
A.      r-selection is…
  1.       r-selection is a density-independent selection –
    1.       This means the selection is due to density-independent factors that operate when an increase in population density lowers the survival odds for an individual, such as
      1.                                                                                              predation
      2.                                                                                             parasites
      3.                                                                                           disease
      4.                                                                                           competition for resources.
  2.       Rapid reproduction
  3.       Takes advantage of new or open environments
  4.       High biotic potential
 
B.      K-selection is
  1.       Density-dependent selection –
    1.       This means the selection is due to density-dependent factors that exist regardless of the population density.
  2.       These factors may cause more deaths or a lower birth rate or both.
  3.       Example of density-independent factors include temperature, precipitation, and natural disturbances.
  4.      Efficient use of limited resources
  5.       Subject to competition
  6.        lower rates of reproduction
  7.      low biotic potential
  8.      r-selection and K-selection
  9.         Organisms are subject to each of these at varying degrees.
  10.         We usually do not see a species which is solely R-Selection or solely K-selection.
  11.       Life history traits
  12.        Life history characteristics are traits that have been shaped through natural selection. Traits that are more desirable or advantageous, are more likely to persevere.
  13.     life history traits include:
  14.      Reproduction
  15.      development
  16.       Behavior
  17.      life span
  18.       Post-reproductive behavior
 
 
The two evolutionary "strategies" are termed r-selection, for those species that produce many "cheap" offspring and live in unstable environments and K-selection for those species that produce few "expensive" offspring and live in stable environments.Of course, the animal or plant is not thinking: "How do I change my characteristics?" Natural selection is the force for change, not the individual's conscious decision. But, natural selection has produced a gradation of strategies, with extreme r-selection at one end of the spectrum and extreme K-selection at the other end.
The following table compares some characteristics of organisms which are extreme r or K strategists:
r
Unstable environment, density independent
K
Stable environment, density dependent interactions

small size of organism
large size of organism

energy used to make each individual is low
energy used to make each individual is high

many offspring are produced
few offspring are produced

early maturity
late maturity, often after a prolonged period of parental care

short life expectancy
long life expectancy

each individual reproduces only once
individuals can reproduce more than once in their lifetime

type III survivorship pattern 
in which most of the individuals die within a short time 
but a few live much longer
type I or II survivorship pattern
in which most individuals live to near the maximum life span
The terms "r-selected" and "K-selected" come from a description of the population growth regimes of the two types of organisms.If you are in an unstable environment, you are unlikely to ever have population growth to the point where density dependent factors come into play. The population is still at low values relative to the carrying capacity of the environment and thus is growing exponentially with intrinsic reproductive rate r (when it is not subject to environmental perturbations.), hence the name r-strategist.
An extreme K-strategist lives in a stable environment which is not seriously affected by sudden, unpredictable effects. Thus the population of a K-strategist is near the carrying capacity K.


Surviorship curves give us additional insight into r and K-selected strategies. Notice that the vertical axis of the survivorship plots is on a log scale and that horizontal axis is scaled to the maximum lifetime for each species. 
One of the interesting differences between r and K strategists is in the shape of the survivorship curve. We can generate a survivorship curve by ploting the log of the fraction of organisms surviving vs. the age of the organism. To compare different species, we normalize the age axis by stretching or shrinking the curve in the horizontal direction so that all curves end at the same point, the maximum life span for individuals of that species. Notice that the vertical axis is on a log scale, dropping from 1.0 (100%) to 0.1 (10%) to 0.01 (1%) to 0.001 (0.1%) in equally spaced intervals.
Extreme r-strategists, such as the oyster, lose most of the individuals very quickly, relative to the maximum life span for the species. But, a very few individuals do survive much longer than the rest. But, for extreme K-strategists, such as man, most individuals live to old age (again relative to the maximum life span for the species).
These survivorship data are very valuable when studying the ecology of various organisms. Two components are involved in reproduction: 1) How many females survive to each age and 2) the average number of female offspring produced by females at each age. By using these data, we can compute the intrinsic rate of reproduction, r, a key parameter in models of population growth.






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