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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
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      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
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    • dissection of the fetal pig
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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
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    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
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    • Course Information
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    • Female Reproductive System
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    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
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      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
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      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

The Circulatory System

THE HEART, THE BLOOD, AND BLOOD VESSELS

Lab 4 - The Circulatory System
How are Material Transported Throughout the Body?

WATCH THE VIDEO

The Components of the Circulatory System are 
1) The Heart - Pumping mechanisms causing pressure gradient
2) The Blood Vessels - network of tubular pathways
​3) The Blood - Cells that carry nutrients and gases 

  The circulatory system functions to circulate blood through the body. The blood carries vital nutrients, oxygen and hormones to the cells, and also picks up unwanted toxins, waste and carbon dioxide from the cells. 
The circulatory system circulates blood around two loops. 
​

1) THE PULMONARY CIRCUIT - Functions to bring blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
 
2) THE SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT - Functions to bring blood from the heart to all the parts of the body (except  the lungs) and then back to the heart 
Picture

Chambers of the Heart    ​

Picture
The heart has 4 chambers;
  1. the right atrium
  2. the right ventricle
  3. the left atrium
  4. the left ventricle

ATRIA - The word "atrium" comes from the Latin word for "entrance". The atria (plural for atrium)  of the heart function to RECEIVE blood.

VENTRICLES - The word "ventricle" comes from the Latin word for "belly". This origin probably comes from the fact that the ventricles of the heart are the larger of the 4 chambers. They are muscular and perform the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle that creates the "pumping" action of the heart. The ventricles function to SEND blood out of the heart. 

An Animation of the Flow of Blood Through the Chambers of the Heart and the Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits of the Circulatory System.
Picture
     The right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood that has traveled through the body. From the right atrium, the blood travels to the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, it pushes the deoxygenated blood out of the heart and sends it to the lungs. (This is the pulmonary circuit).  As this blood passes by the lungs, it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide.
     The oxygenated blood from the lungs then travels back to the heart to get another "push" before it goes to the body (this is the systemic circuit).  The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood coming from the lungs. This blood enters the left atrium and then travels to the left ventricle. The left ventricle contracts to push the oxygenated blood out of the heart and to the body in order to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and to pick up unwanted substances like waste and carbon dioxide. 
​

The Valves of the Heart

Picture
​     The function of the heart valves is to assure that blood flows in only one direction through the heart. When there is an increase in pressure of the blood, that pressure acts to push the valve open. The valves only open in one direction, which prevents backflow and guides the blood to flow in the proper direction.

The four main valves of the heart are as follows: 
    Two of your heart valves are considered atrioventricular (AV) valves. The atrioventricular (AV) valves include the  tricuspid valve and the mitral valve (also known as the bicuspid valve). The atrioventricular valves, as you might expect, lie between the atria and the ventricles of the heart. 
    The other two heart valves are known as the the semilunar (SL) valves. 
The two semilunar (SL) valves include the pulmonary semilunar valve and the aortic semilunar valve. 


  1. The Tricuspid Valve is an atrioventricular (AV) valve that allows for the one-way movement of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
  2. The Pulmonary Semilunar Valve is a semilunar (SV) valve that allows for the one-way movement of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries (which travel to the lungs).
  3. The Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve is an atrioventricular (AV) valve that allows for the one-way movement of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
  4. The Aortic Semilunar Valve is a semilunar (SV) valve that allows for the one-way movement of blood from the left ventricle to the aorta (which travel to the body).
The Flow of Blood Through the Heart INCLUDING THE VALVES


​    Deoxygenated blood comes from the body and goes to the right atrium. The blood then travels through the TRICUSPID VALVE to get to the right ventricle. Once the right ventricle contracts, this blood is then pumped through thePULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE to the pulmonary arteries which will carry the blood to the lungs.

    Oxygenated blood comes from the lungs and enters the left atrium. The blood then travels through the MITRAL (BICUSPID) VALVE to the left ventricle. When the left ventricle contracts, the blood is pumped through theAORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE to the aorta where it will travel to the body.


The Vessels of the Circulatory SystemThe circulatory system has specialized vessels that transport blood around the body. 
​These vessels fall into one of two broad categories; arteries and veins. 

ARTERIES = Arteries are the blood vessels that are carrying blood AWAY FROM the heart. 

VEINS = 
Veins are the blood vessels that are carrying blood TOWARDS the heart. ​The veins have low pressure and thin walls.  
In pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood travels from the heart to the lungs to gain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide before returning to the heart. In contrast, in systemic circulation, oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the body and deoxygenated blood is returned back to the heart. 
The circulatory system exists to transport the blood.
​

​The blood has 3 major components.
  1. Blood Cells
    1. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 
    2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
  2. Platelets
    1. Blood Clotting Factors
  3. Blood Plasma
    1. The Liquid Background Substance of the Blood
Picture
THE RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
    The proper name for Red Blood Cells is Erythrocytes. Red blood cells are short-lived and do not have a nucleus. The main function of the erythrocytes is to transport oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body and to take away unwanted waste products and carbon dioxide from the cells.
     Red blood cells are easy to spot in histology due to the lack of the nucleus. 
​
   The red blood cells function to:
  1. Deliver oxygen to the cells of the body.
  2. Take away carbon dioxide from the cells.
Picture

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