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    • Anatomy Basics
      • Intro to Anatomy
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      • Levels of Organization
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      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
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      • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
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      • The Integumentary System
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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
    • The Nervous System
      • Introduction to the Nervous System
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      • The Brain - Anat
      • The Ear - Sensory Organs
      • The Eye - Sensory Organs
    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • The Renal System
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    • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PORTAL
      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic - Physio
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC - Physio
    • Chemical Bonds - Physio
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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
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  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
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    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
      • The Epidermis rio
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  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
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      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
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      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
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    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
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    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
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  • Anatomy
    • Anatomy - CMC Home Page
      • Practical Exam #2 REDEMPTION EXAM!
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      • Lab Quiz 4
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    • Anatomy Basics
      • Intro to Anatomy
      • Medical Terminology
      • A History of Anatomy
      • Levels of Organization
      • Anatomical Positions
      • Anatomical Planes
      • Anatomical Regions
      • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Cells Portal
      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
      • The Cell Cycle
      • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
    • Tissues Portal SAC
      • The Integumentary System
      • Epithelial Tissues
      • Connective Tissue
      • Muscle Tissue
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
    • The Nervous System
      • Introduction to the Nervous System
      • Nervous Tissue
      • The Brain - Anat
      • The Ear - Sensory Organs
      • The Eye - Sensory Organs
    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • The Renal System
    • The Respiratory System
    • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PORTAL
      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic - Physio
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC - Physio
    • Chemical Bonds - Physio
    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
    • Lymphatic System
    • Respiratory System Physiology
    • Renal System
    • Digestive System
    • Reproductive System
  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
    • Lab 2 - Osmosis
    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
      • The Epidermis rio
      • Connective Tissue
  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

​Introduction to Microorganisms

Find out about the
history of microbiology

Microbiology literally translates as "the study of small life" in Greek. It looks at microscopic organisms, their interactions with other living organisms and with the environments. 

    Microscopic organisms are more simply called "microbes". Most microbes are unicellular and only able to be seen with the aid of a microscope. However, some unicellular microbes can be seen with the naked eye and there are multicellular organisms that are microscopic. 
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E. Coli Bacteria
    So... what is considered microscopic? Organisms measuring 100 micrometer or more (µm) are generally able  to be seen with the naked eye. The vast majority of the organisms we study in microbiology are many orders of magnitude smaller than 100 micrometers. For example, a single animal cell typically measures about 10 micrometers across, bacterial cells measure about 1 micrometer and viruses are only about 0.1 micrometers across. 
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   There are many sub-disciplines in the field of microbiology. Some of them are based on the type of organisms or agents studied.  For example, parasitology is the study of parasitic organisms. Many parasitic organisms are not microscopic, but can cause disease in humans. For this reason, parasitology is included with the other disciplines of microbiology.
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 The cell is the fundamental unit of life.  All living things are made up of one or more cells.​​

All Living Organisms can be Divided into 3 Domains as Follows:

I. Archaea
                    
  • All archaea are considered prokaryotic.
  • ​​​​​​​Used to be considered bacteria, but now seen as a distinctly different cell having features in common with both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 
  • Archaea and bacteria are thought to be the first life forms on Earth 3.5 billion years ago.
​
II. Bacteria                         
  • All bacteria are considered prokaryotic. 
  • Does not have compartmentalization – no membrane-bound organelles or nucleus.
  • Archaea and bacteria are thought to be the first life forms on Earth 3.5 billion years ago.


 III.   Eukaryota or Eukarya 
  • There are 4 types of eukaryotic organisms (called kingdoms).
  1. Plants
  2. Animals
  3. Fungi
  4. Protists                                ​
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BACTERIA

     Bacteria are found in nearly every habitat on earth, including acidic deep sea vents and in frozen waters of the Arctic. Bacteria make up a significant portion of the human body. In fact, the human body is composed of approximate 10 times the number of bacteria cells that human cells! Lucky for us, most bacteria are harmless or helpful. The bacteria that are known to cause disease are called "pathogenic".
PictureThe Anatomy of a Bacterium
   While many bacteria can cause disease, most bacteria is harmless to humans or even helpful. Bacteria can cause food to rot or spoil, or it can be used to create new desirable food products like yogurt and cheese. Even though we usually give fungi all the credit for being the major decomposers of our ecosystems, bacteria play a crucial role in the environment, not only as decomposers, but as the only organisms that can perform nitrogen-fixation. Nitrogen-fixation is the ability to take carbon from the atmosphere and convert it into carbon compounds that are biologically useful. 

     Bacteria are often described in terms of their general shape; spherical (coccus), rod-shaped (bacillus), or curved (spirillum, spirochete, or vibrio). ​
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    Bacteria evolved around 3.5 billion years ago. They have various means of getting energy from the environment to live in the form of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis or are able to switch between these two modes of metabolism.

     Some examples of photosynthetic bacteria include oxygenic cyanobacteria, anoxygenic green sulfur bacteria and anoxygenic green nonsulfur bacteria. These bacteria performed photosynthesis which uses carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight to create glucose and oxygen.

​     Early photosynthesizers like the cyanobacteria changed the early Earth's atmosphere to contain more oxygen. This environmental change allows for the evolution of oxygen-loving species, including humans, billions of years later.
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Anatomy of Cyanobacteria
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Archaea

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     Bacteria are not the only unicellular prokaryotic organisms. There is an entire domain of organisms called the archaea. The first archaea to be discovered were classified as bacteria. However, their physiological and morphological characteristics were so different from other bacteria cells, they were named archaebacteria and were given a seperate kingdom under the bacteria domain. The term "archaeabacteria" means "ancient bacteria". This classification was soon reorganized, making the archaebacteria into a new domain called the archaea. 
 Many archaeal species can be found in environments that are extremely hot (such as the Yellowstone hot springs), extremely salty (such as the Dead Sea), or in areas of extremely low pH (such as acid mine drainage). Adaptations to these environments are partly why they have been separated into their own domain. 

VIRUSES

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  Viruses are not technically considered to be "living organisms" according to the criteria of what characteristics an entity must have to be considered alive. There are 2 characteristics of viruses that exclude them from being classified as "alive". These are, 1) viruses are not cells, and 2) viruses do not have the machinery to reproduce without the help of a host. However, there are many scientists that would like to see a reclassification of what we consider to be "life". This id due to the incredible abilities of the virus. They are remarkable. They adapt and evolve, and they reproduce using the machinery of their host cells in ingenious ways. 

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     Viruses are considered acellular microorganisms. In other words, viruses are not composed of cells. Viruses are extremely tine and are made up of a small amount of genetic material in the form of either RNA or DNA and some proteins. They are only able to reproduce with the assistance of a host cell. The virus must invade a cell and then hijack the cell's reproductive machinery to make more copies of itself. The virus will continue to make copies of itself until the cell can no longer hold the large number of viruses. At this point the cell bursts open, releasing the viruses into the extracellular fluid where they can go invade other cells and repeat the cycle!

     Viruses can infect all types of organisms and cells. Many viruses are responsible for diseases in humans, but there are many viruses that do not lead to disease. 

​Protists

​     Protists belong to the kingdom Protista which is one of the four kingdoms of Eukarya and, therefore, are composed of eukaryotic organisms. The protista is an extremely diverse kingdom that is more easily describe as what it is NOT than what it IS. Basically, any eukaryotic organism, that cannot be classified as animalia, plantae or fungi.
     Protists are mostly unicellular organisms, but there are a few simple multicellular forms as well. Protists include algae, slime, molds, and protozoa. some protists can reproduce sexually while others reproduce asexually, some are autotrophic and can provide their own food using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, while other protists must consume other organisms as food.
   Algae are protists that have some similar characteristics as plants (though they are not plants). These similarities include:
  1. A cell walls made of cellulose
  2. The presence of chloroplasts
  3. The ability to photosynthesize
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Photograph of Algae on Sea Bed COurtesy of... ​By Toby Hudson - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18150674
     Algae are extremely important to the ecosystem. They photosynthesize, which means they consume carbon dioxide and create sugar and oxygen. Many organisms use oxygen and sugars created by algae. Many food-stuffs consumed by humans are made with ingredients that were derived from algae, such as carrageenan or alginic acid. These ingredients can be found in some brands of ice cream, salad dressing, beverages, lipstick, and toothpaste. A derivative of algae also plays a prominent role in the microbiology laboratory, agar. Agar is a gel;like substance derived from algae, that can be mixed with various nutrients and used to grow microorganisms in a Petri dish. Algae are also being developed as a possible source of nutrition and biofuel.
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Electron Micrograph of Gephyrocapsa oceanica courtesy of... Photo by NEON ja, colored by Richard Bartz - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6072505
The EUGLENA are a type of algae that can be found in pond water. Click on the short video below to see how they move! They are green, because they contain chloroplasts, which allows them to make their own food using photosynthesis. They also have a flagellum which they use to move and to sense their environment. PROTOZOABlepharisma japonicum

  Protozoa

      Protozoa get their name from the Greek words 'protos', which means 'first' and "zoan", which means 'animal'. As you may have guessed, the protozoans were names this, because they were the first animal-like organisms to evolve.

     Protozoans are a very diverse group of organisms. Many of them are heterotrophic (hetero means 'other' and trophic means 'to eat'), meaning that they must consume other organisms as a food source in order to live. These protozoans usually feast on bacteria or other protozoa.

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A bdelloid rotifer
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Blepharisma japonicum
     Some species of protozoa can switch between being autotrophic (auto means 'self' and trophic means 'to eat') and heterotrophic. This means that these protozoans are capable of making their own food when there is an ample supply of sunlight, and they are capable of consuming other organisms as a food source when sunlight is scarce. There are even some protists that gain energy from the environment in a similar manner as fungi. These protists predigest their food source by secreting enzymes onto it (or into it) that function to break it down into a form that can be absorbed.
     Tardigrades (Water Bears)Tardigrades are microscopic creatures that are able to survive the some of the strangest conditions in the universe. They can hibernate without water for at least 100 years. They can survive temperatures 50% hotter than boiling water. They survive in pressures that are higher than the pressure in our deepest oceans. Tardigrades have even been blasted to outer space and were completely fine! They were just fine without air, without pressure and without water. 
Some protozoa can cause diseases. An example of an Illnesses Caused by Protozoa, is Malaria.
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     Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic protozoa, many of which cause malaria in their hosts. When the host is a mosquito, the mosquito can then spread the disease to humans.
​
     
.Symptoms include fever, vomiting, headache, jaundice, seizures or coma. Can be fatal. According to the World Health Organization, Malaria effected approximately 296 million people in 2015. Malaria is believed to have caused 730,500 of these infected people to die.

(wikipedia
) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria  ​​

Fungi


     A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms in the KINGDOM FUNGI. This includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multi-cellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms.  There are about 100,000 known species of fungi. Experts have suggested that the actual number of fungi species on Earth may be closer to as many as 1.5 million.
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​
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   Fungi are a lot of fun and can be found at most parties. Sorry for the lame joke. But seriously, if you do want to find fungi, the best place to look would be a warm, moist place.
   Fungi have a very interesting, or gross, way of eating. Fungi "eat" by secreting digestive enzymes directly into whatever it is they are growing on.  These digestive enzymes break down nutrients into smaller molecules that the fungi can directly absorb.

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  Fungi play a vital role in the ecosystem as decomposers. They assist in recycling materials back into the soil as part of their metabolism. Some fungi have been found to have life-saving properties. For example, antibiotics like penicillin, are made from a fungus.

    Yeast is a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting  sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.

FOODS/DRINKS THAT ARE MADE POSSIBLE WITH YEAST INCLUDE...

a)    Breads
b)    Alcohols 
c)    Cakes and More!


​
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   Fermentation reaction in Yeast takes Glucose and forms ethanol, carbon dioxide and ATP. 

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     Mold grows on bread when the bread comes in contact with dust that is carrying fungi, which are tiny microorganisms. Molds are multicellular fungi. 

​     Mold spores remain airborne until they land on a piece of food, germinate and grow into a healthy fungus. Mold lives off the food its growing on by eating away at it. It commonly grows right through whatever it's eating. Fungi secrete an enzyme onto their food source that breaks it down aiding digestion. They then grow microscopic roots into the food itself.

     Molds are used in antibiotics (specifically, penicillin) and other pharmaceuticals.. Some molds can cause allergies or even diseases (mycotoxins).
Fungal Infections Cause a Number of Diseases in Humans
VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION
ATHLETE'S FOOT
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    Healthy bacteria reside in the vagina that function to regulate the growth of yeast and, thereby, help protect against yeast infections.
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Fungal Growth
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By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17770316
  Athlete's foot is caused by a fungal infection that invades the skin of the foot or toes. This condition can arise when the feet are exposed to excessive moisture (like sweat) for extended periods of time. 
ASPERGILLOSIS:
     Aspergillosis
 is fungal infection that is caused by the aspergillis fungus. The fungus grows in the lungs, causing inflammation and blockage of the airways. Infected patients may experience symptoms ranging from mild irritation to fever, pain and difficulty breathing.  ​
Fungus are the essential decomposers of the ecosystem! 
    They function together with certain bacteria to breakdown dead organic matter into a form that can be used in the ecosystem. For example, fungus will breakdown a dead cow and release vital nutrients into the soil. Those nutrients can then be used by plants to grow. Then another cow can go and eat the plant! ...and the cycle continues!

Helminths

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    Multicellular parasitic worms called helminths are also studied as part microbiology, even through they are large enough to see with the naked eye. This is because parasitic infections involve eggs and larvae which are microscopic.
  Some examples of helminths are
  1. The Guinea Worm, or Dracunculus medinensis, which causes dizziness, vomiting, diarrhea, and open sores. The Guinea Worm infects water fleas. The water fleas can then contaminate drinking water and pass the parasite to a human (or animal) host.  35 million cases of Guinea Worm infections were reported in the 1980's. Since the outbreak, improvements in water sanitation decreased the amount of infection to just 126 reported cases world-wide in 2014.  
  2.  Tapeworms do not have any sort of "digestive tract"! So HOW DO THESE THINGS STAY ALIVE?? WELL... tapeworms feed by living inside of the digestive tracts of other animals (even humans)!  In this way, that are able to eat the food already digested by their host!

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By SusanA Secretariat Catalina Maya Rendón - https://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/15679887846/in/ photostream/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36812004
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Tapeworm Infection of a Human Host
   Tapeworms do not have any sort of mouth either. So, they eat by absorbing the nutrients they come in contact with through their skin. 

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