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    • Anatomy Basics
      • Intro to Anatomy
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      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
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      • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
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      • The Integumentary System
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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
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      • the vertebral column
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      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
    • The Nervous System
      • Introduction to the Nervous System
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      • The Ear - Sensory Organs
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    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • The Renal System
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    • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PORTAL
      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic - Physio
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC - Physio
    • Chemical Bonds - Physio
    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
    • Lymphatic System
    • Respiratory System Physiology
    • Renal System
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    • Reproductive System
  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
    • Lab 2 - Osmosis
    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
      • The Epidermis rio
      • Connective Tissue
  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
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        • Nutritional Categories
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        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
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      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
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      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
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  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
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    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
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  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
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  • Home
  • Anatomy
    • Anatomy - CMC Home Page
      • Practical Exam #2 REDEMPTION EXAM!
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    • Anatomy Basics
      • Intro to Anatomy
      • Medical Terminology
      • A History of Anatomy
      • Levels of Organization
      • Anatomical Positions
      • Anatomical Planes
      • Anatomical Regions
      • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Cells Portal
      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
      • The Cell Cycle
      • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
    • Tissues Portal SAC
      • The Integumentary System
      • Epithelial Tissues
      • Connective Tissue
      • Muscle Tissue
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
    • The Nervous System
      • Introduction to the Nervous System
      • Nervous Tissue
      • The Brain - Anat
      • The Ear - Sensory Organs
      • The Eye - Sensory Organs
    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • The Renal System
    • The Respiratory System
    • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PORTAL
      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic - Physio
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC - Physio
    • Chemical Bonds - Physio
    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
    • Lymphatic System
    • Respiratory System Physiology
    • Renal System
    • Digestive System
    • Reproductive System
  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
    • Lab 2 - Osmosis
    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
      • The Epidermis rio
      • Connective Tissue
  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

Lab 2 - Diversity of Life - Plantae and Animalia

Introduction to the Kingdom Plantae

A Plant Cell

Picture
Typical Plant Cell Anatomy

    Plants are the living organisms of the kingdom plantae​. All plants have a number of properties and anatomy in common with each other. 1) All organisms in the Kingdom Plantae are multicellular, which means that each organism is comprised of more than one cell.   2) All (most) plants must have the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the photosensitive pigment that captures the photons, allowing for photosynthesis to occur.   3) Every plant species is made up of plant cells which have a unique structure, the cell wall, that allows for added rigidity and protection. The cell wall is a rigid, cellulose-rich structure that covers the outside of the cell. It lies beyond the plant cell membrane like a “coat of armor.”    4) Another commonality among plants, is that they are “fixed” in place. In other words, plants do not have the ability to move around, because they lack the machinery necessary for mobility.

Almost all of life on our planet, depends upon plants for their own survival, either directly or indirectly. Plants house the bottom (and largest) tier of the food pyramid as producers. The reason for this is that plants have the ability to convert light energy (photons) into food energy in the form of sugars through a process called photosynthesis. The remainder of the food web literally balances on the shoulders of these valiant producers. 

     Plants are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms.  that have the amazing ability to make their own food through the process of photosynthesis.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the process by which certain organisms are able to use sunlight (photons) to make their own food. These producers use carbon dioxide and water, in combination with light energy (photons), to create glucose and oxygen.
Picture
By definition, photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water, along with light energy, to form glucose and oxygen. ​
Picture
Plants house the bottom (and largest) tier of the food pyramid as producers.
PictureTHE FOOD PYRAMID by Scientist Cindy
 Because plants essentially “make their own food” they are also categorized as autotrophs. Autotrophic organisms are able to convert inorganic material into a form of energy that can, in turn, be used for biological functions. In contrast, heterotrophic organisms must consume other organisms in order to maintain their life processes. Because heterotrophs, such as animals, do not have the ability to make biologically-useful energy from light energy, they are required to consume other organisms to survive. In the food web, you will be able to trace any meal consumed by a heterotroph back to its origin, a producer. For example, a quaternary consumer would eat a tertiary consumer that ate a secondary consumer, who ate a primary consumer who ate a plant. No matter what tier of the food web pyramid the consumer is, its food source ultimately depends upon the producers.

Anatomy of a Plant

Plants are made of three main parts.
1) The Roots
2) The Leaves
​3) The Stems

ROOTS

The 4 functions of the ROOTS are as follows:
        1) absorption of water and inorganic nutrients
        2) anchoring of the 
plant body to the ground, and support
        3) storage of food and nutrients
        4) vegetative reproduction

LEAVES

The 2 main functions of the LEAVES are as follows:
        1) photosynthesis  - chloroplasts found in leaves capture the sunlight needed for photosynthesis to occur. 
        2) gas exchange - leaves have stomata, which are pores that open and close allowing for gas exchange. When the stomata are open, carbon dioxide and oxygen, along with water vapor, can travel through the stomata. 

Picture
Anatomy of a Plant
STEMS

The 2 main functions of the STEMS are as follows:
        1) Support and elevation of leaves, flowers and fruits. The stems keep the leaves in the light and provide a place for the plant to keep its flowers and fruits.
        2) Transportation of fluids and sugars between the roots and the rest of the plant using vessels called xylem and phloem, respectively. 

XYLEM AND PHLOEM
Picture

  Xylem
is a type of transport tissue found in vascular plants that allows for water to be transported from the roots of a plant to its shoots and leaves. An example of xylem tissue is "wood".

   Phloem is a type of transport tissue found in vascular plants that allows for sugar (glucose) that is produces in the leaves through photosynthesis to be transported from the leaves of the plant to its roots and shoots. 

ANATOMY OF A FLOWER

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     The flower is the reproductive structure of the plant. Flowers allow for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may reproduce using their own eggs and sperm, or they can be cross-bred by receiving sperm (pollen) from another plant. Many flowers have evolved to attractive to different insects and animals so that they essential "carry the seed" of reproduction to areas that the flower can't reach. 


The 4 main parts of the flower are the 1) stamen, 2) carpel, 3)  ovary, and 4) petals. 


THE STAMEN
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    The main function of the stamen is to produce the pollen grains, which house male gametes (sperm), or sex cells, necessary for reproduction.
The 
anther is located within the stamen where these gametes are created. Pollen grains vary in size, shape, and surface structures based on the type of flower that produces them.

THE CARPAL AND THE OVARY
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   The carpal is the center part of the flower. It consists of the ovary (ovule), the stigma and the style. The carpel, the female reproductive structure that includes the ovary. The function of the carpel is to house the ovary which is the female reproductive portion of the flower. Inside the ovary is an ovule that, when fertilized, will develop into a seed. A seed contains an embryo (baby plant), the endosperm (food for the embryo), and a seed coat.

THE PETALS
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Petals function to protect some parts of the flower and attract specific pollinators .

THE SEEDS 

    The function of a flower is to produce the reproductive cells of the plant (eggs and sperm (pollen)). A fertilized egg become a SEED, which is a dormant young plant.  of the next generation.  

​THE FRUIT

    The seeds of flowering plants are surrounded by a tissue called the FRUIT, which may be fleshy or dry. Animals eat the fruit and disperse the seeds. 

VEGETABLES
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       The term vegetable pertains specifically to plant parts that are edible such as leaves, roots, stems, flowers, etc. When we eat asparagus, we are eating the stem of the plant. When we eat spinach or lettuce, we are eating the plant's leaves. We eat the fruit of squash, cucumber and tomato plants. When we eat corn or peas we are eating seeds, and when we eat radish or carrot, we are eating roots.
 

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Animal are an extremely diverse group of eukarytic organisms. They are heterotrophic, which means they must consume other organisms in order to stay alive. 

SPONGE
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SPONGE - By Nhobgood (talk) Nick Hobgood - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11448769

    ​Sponges are among the first animals to evolve. They are extremely simplistic. The name "sponge" comes from the Latin word "pore bearer". Sponges have the unique ability to absorb large amounts of liquid through their pores. Sponges are used commercially as cleaning tools to soak up unwanted messes!

     Sponges do not have digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, they rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes. For this reason, sponges are called "filter-feeders". 

JELLYFISH
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Jellyfish are very simple aquatic animals that have soft, gelatinous bodies with thin, trailing tentacles that contain stinging cells that can immobilize and capture prey.

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By Nhobgood (talk) Nick Hobgood - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11448769
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RADIAL SYMMETRY OF THE JELLYFISH

Jellyfish have radial symmetry. This means their "body plan"  is organized in such a way that if you were to slice it like a pizza, each of the slices would be nearly identical. ​

     As organisms continued to evolve over time, the radial symmetry of simple organisms like the sea anemone, the sea star and the jellyfish, evolved to favor the more complex body plan of bilateral symmetry. 
FLATWORMS

Flatworms are the most primitive animals with bilateral symmetry. 

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    Bilateral symmetry means that if you were to cut the organism in half, the right half would be roughly identical to the left half. Animals having bilateral symmetry evolved later than those with radial symmetry. The bilateral symmetry body plan is more complex and more advanced (more evolved). . 
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By Jan Derk - photographed by Jan Derk, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=682874

   The tapeworm, is a type of flatworm that has very peculiar eating habits.    
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Tapeworm
PictureTapeworm Infection of a Human Host
        Tapeworms do not have any sort of "digestive tract"! So HOW DO THESE THINGS STAY ALIVE?? WELL... tapeworms feed by living inside of the digestive tracts of other animals (even humans)!  In this way, that are able to eat the food already digested by their host!
        Tapeworms do not have any sort of mouth either. So, they eat by absorbing the nutrients they come in contact with through their skin. 

ROUNDWORMS (Nematodes)
PictureA Roundworm
            Roundworms (also known as nematodes) include over 25,000 known species belonging to the phylum             Nematoda. Roundworms differ from flatworms (like the tapeworm) in that they do have a digestive system. Their digestive system consists of a tube with openings at both ends.
    
​
      Roundworms are extremely diverse and  resilient; inhabiting just about every climate and environment on earth.  Roundworms are found in all different habitats including salt water, fresh water, soil, mountain tops, sea floors, tropic rain forests and even polar ice caps! If this impresses you, just wait! Roundworms have been discovered buried beneath more than 2 miles of dirt below the surface of the Earth! In addition to being diverse, they are strong in numbers. Approximately 90% of all animal species on the ocean floor are roundworms. And, it is estimated that roundworm may constitute upwards of 80% of all animals on Earth! 

ILLNESSES CAUSED BY ROUNDWORMS
     Over half of the known species  of roundworms are considered parasitic, because they benefit from invading a host, while the host suffers illness and disease! The best way to prevent infection is to practice good hygiene be washing your hands often and by making sure that any meat you eat is cooked thoroughly, especially pork and poultry. 
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Ascaris lumbricoides (a parasitic roundworm)

        Ascariasis is the most common roundworm infection. About 10 percent of the developing world is infected with intestinal worms, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Ascariasis is most common in places without modern sanitation. It’s transmitted through unsafe food and water. The infection usually causes no symptoms, but heavier infestations can lead to problems in the lungs or intestines.

     Trichinosis is a disease caused by a parasitic roundworm called Trichinella spiralis. The Trichinella spiralis is sometimes referred to as the "pork worm", because it likes to live in pigs! Humans typically become infected when eating undercooked pork products. Trichinosis also can affect other mammals that may ingest an infected animal. 

EARTHWORMS
   An earthworm is a tube-shaped, segmented worm belonging to the phylum Annelida. Earthworms are commonly found living in soil, feeding on live and dead organic matter. An earthworm's digestive system is in the form of a tube that is open at both ends (similar to the roundworm). Earthworms are hermaphrodites. That means that each individual carries both male and female sex organs. 
     Earthworms assist the environment by creating healthier dirt and soil to grow crops. This is due to the fact that the holes created by the earthworms allow for more air and water to reach the down into the soil. The worms also breakdown organic materials like leaves and grasses into a form that is more useful for other organisms. 
​By Aruna at ml.wikipedia - Transferred from ml.wikipedia by User:Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12602652
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The Earthworm
LEECHES
     Leeches are still used today in some medical situations and alternative medicine therapies.  Leeches are segmented worms that belong to the phylum Annelida.  Leeches eat by attaching themselves to a host and sucking their blood. The leech secretes an anticoagulant agent that prevents the blood from clotting during the leech's feast.  Leeches are used frequently in the reattachment of fingers and toes to help the flow of blood through the tissues that were reattached. Leeches have also been used to drain blood clots and treat other conditions, like psoriasis. 
CEPHALIZATION
Along with the evolutionary advancement of the bilaterally symmetric body plan, the evolutionary trend of cephalization had begun.
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According to wikipedia, "Cephalization is considered an evolutionary trend, whereby nervous tissue, over many generations, becomes concentrated toward one end of an organism." 
                                                                                                                                              - 
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalization

​     Cephalization the is the gradual process of evolution that led to the development of the head and brain. In evolution, organisms evolve from being simple to being more complex. Organisms that are more complex, are considered to be more evolved and have developed (or evolved) later here on Earth. 

MOLLUSCS
     The molluscs are organisms belonging to the phylum Mollusca. They are largely composed of marine species and include cuttlefish, octopuses and squids. In fact, an estimated 23% of all marine organisms are thought to be mollusks! However, some mollusk species can be found on land, such as the snail.   
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    Molluscs include many species that are wonderful food sources for us! These include clams, squid (calamari), scallops, oysters, abalone, mussels and snails (escargot).       
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Calamari (squid)
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Clams
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INSECTS

Insects rule the world, making up more than half of all living organisms on this planet. 

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Insects have an exoskeleton. The exoskeleton is a skeleton that is located on the outside of the insect's body. This is different from the endoskeleton we have as humans, which leaves soft tissues exposed to the environment. 

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        Most insects are beneficial to the environment and make up an important part of the ecosystem. One of the most important services insects provide is pollination. They feast on the flower nectar and get pollen on their bodies. Then when the insect travels to another flower, the pollen travels with it and gets delivered to the new flower! Insects are a valuable food source. They make up a huge portion of the food chain and many animals depend on consuming insects solely as a food source. 

    Insects also can produce food for us. For example, bees make honey that we can harvest and eat. Even the insects themselves can provide a low-fat, protein-rich meal for humans. As the human population on Earth increases, some scientists predict that insects will become a more valuable source of protein and calories. 

       Insects are important for food production in agriculture. The insects function as decomposers in the ecosystem. They break down large organic materials (like decaying plants and animals) into smaller molecules that become nutrients for the soil. The nutrient-rich soil allows plants to grow. 
       Burrowing insects, such as ants and beetles, dig tunnels into the ground which allows water to reach the deeper layers of soil. This helps the soil maintain the moisture it needs to cultivate plant growth.  
ARTHROPODS
Arthropds have jointed legs, an exoskeleton and a segmented body.

Crustaceans are arthropods. Crustaceans include things we like to eat like shrimp lobster and crab!

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Sea Urchins

Sea urchins are spiky and small organisms of the Echinoderm phylum. An interesting story about the sea urchin is that they were seen as pests by fishermen and were routinely destroyed or discarded as "unwanted".  Nowadays, these sea urchins are harvested for their roe which is considered a rare delicacy and is believed to enhance sex drive as an aphrodisiac. If you are wondering what the roe  of the sea urchin is, it is the gonads of the sea urchin itself (not the eggs like in cavier). 100,000 tons of sea urchin roe, which is sold under the name "uni", are gobbled up by people in places like Japan and France. In Japan, uni is a popular and coveted gift during New Year celebrations.

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Sea Urchin
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Uni (Prepared Urchin Roe)
PictureUni (Prepared Urchin Roe)
http://tastewiththeeyes.com/2013/03/do-you-know-how-to-clean-a-sea-urchin/

Chordates

Animals in the phylum Chordata share four key features: 1) a notochord, 2) a dorsal hollow nerve cord, 3) pharyngeal slits, and a 4) post-anal tail. 
Fish have gills which allow them to breath under water.
A gill is a respiratory organ found in fish which functions to extract dissolved oxygen from the water passing over the gill and to excrete unwanted carbon dioxide. 

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Amphibians
Amphibians live most of their lives in and around fresh water.  Amphibians begin life as a larvae that have gills and are restricted to the water. As the amphibian develops, it will undergo a formidable physical change (called metamorphosis) in which the gills develop into lungs capable of breathing air. This metamorphosis allows the adult amphibian to leave the water and travel on land to search for food and mates. Amphibians also breath through their skin. They use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface. Some species of small frogs and salamanders don't have have lungs at all and only use their skin to breath.  and some small species of salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. 
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Frog
Reptiles
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Reptiles include animals such as turtles, crocodiles, snakes, and lizards. Reptiles are closely related to birds. The earliest known reptiles evolved 312 million years ago. Reptiles are better suited to live on dry land. Reptiles have several adaptations which allows them to live on dry land.

ADAPTATION 1 - They do not need to lay their eggs in fresh water, like amphibians do.  Laying eggs that can survive on land is a major adaptation allowing reptiles to live away from aquatic environments. 

​ADAPTATION 2 - Reptiles developed thick, scaly skin that helps conserve moisture inside their bodies.  This waterproof skin holds water inside of the reptile so it can live on dry land.

​ADAPTATION 3 - Reptiles do not need to breath through their skin. Living on land means reptiles can't rely on absorbing oxygen through their skin like amphibians. They rely on their lungs solely for respiration. Lungs allow reptiles to live in dryer climates instead of being tied to an aquatic environments. 

BIRDS
The next evolutionary leap was thermoregulation.  Birds evolved from reptiles and are able to regulate their body temperature. This was a great advantage over the reptiles, because this ability allowed birds to inhabit areas with a wide range of temperatures.
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 Birds maintain their body temperature by increasing their Respiration Rate, Exposing areas of bare skin (like legs) and dispelling excess heat with their bills. When the temperature gets colder, birds alter their blood flow away from their colder, more exposed legs, which keeps more heat concentrated at their body. 
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MAMMALS
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Mammals are considered "warm-blooded" animals. Mammals have many adaptations that regulate their body temperature. Mammals can produce heat by shivering, increasing metabolism and redirecting blood flow away from colder extremities. When condition are hot, mammals may pant or perspire (sweat) and can redirect blood flow to etxremeties to release heat.  

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Humans are mammals, too. Humans, like all mammals have the following characteristics. 1) All mammals have fur or hair growing out of their skin. 2) All female mammals have mammary glands which produce milk for their young.  3) All mammals have a neocortex (region of the brain).  4) All mammals have sweat glands. 

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