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    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
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    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
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    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
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    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
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    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
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    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
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        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
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      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
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    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
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    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

Membrane Transport Processes
​DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS

General Biology


Membrane Transport Processes
​DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS

CELL TRANSPORT

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The cell membrane acts like the "skin" of our cell. It keeps the outside out and the inside in. The most important function of the cell membrane is to regulate the movement of substances across the membrane

Picture
This is an illustration of a cross section of the cell membrane.
Picture
​     Cell membranes are semipermeable.  This means that only certain substances are allowed to travel through the cell membrane. The structure of the cell membrane creates a barrier between the extracellular environmental and the intracellular environment. This property is due to the chemical properties of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane.
The phospholipids are called amphiphilic, ​because they have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. When phospholipids are placed in water, they spontaneously form a lipid bilayer.

     In this phospholipid bilayer, the fatty acid hydrophobic tails will orient themselves to face one another with the hydrophillic phosphate heads facing outward toward the aqueous environments. This structure allows the membrane to be selectively permeable. 

Picture
Picture
    There are different ways that the cell membrane has to get substances from one side to the other. Some of these ways require energy. These ways are termed "active transport". Active transport includes bulk transport that uses vesicles to move relatively large amounts of substances across the membrane and active transport through specialized channels that use the power of ATP.
      Other means of transportation across the membrane do not required energy and are termed "passive transport". Means of passive transport include osmosis, diffusion and facilitated diffusion. 

DIFFUSION

PictureDiffusion occurs because molecules and atoms are always in motion.
​     Before we talk about osmosis, we must first understand diffusion. The word diffusion comes from the Latin word for "spreads out". In nature, molecule will behave in such a way to "spread out" from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, until a time in which those concentration become equal. At this state, the substance is said to be at equilibrium. it is this phenomenon that is responsible for the air currents and ocean currents, as well as the diffusion of a substance in liquid. Since our cells are in an aqueous environment, we will be looking at this type of diffusion.

     Gasses and liquids behave this way because their atoms are always in motion. This motion is called "Brownian motion". Brownian motion causes molecules to collide with each other which makes them spread out to maximize their area to move in. They want some"elbow room"!

Scientist Cindy's Famous "Pee in the Pool" Example
1                     
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​   EXAMPLE: Let's say it is a hot summer day and some kids are enjoying themselves at the local pool. A kid at one end of the pool decides to urinate (pee) into one end of the pool. Initially, the pee will be concentrated at the end of the pool where the pee landed. 

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2
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After some time, that pee will then spread out evenly over the volume of that pool reaching the unsuspecting pool-dwellers at the far end of the pool.
     This is because in diffusion, liquids (or gasses) flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, until an equilibrium (no difference in concentration) is achieved. In other words, the pee is equally distributed everywhere. 


BUT....  The cell membrane is semi-permeable. So not all substances are able to freely diffuse across the membrane.
​ When this occurs, we see that substances that can freely diffuse, like water, behave differently.  When water diffuses in this manner, it is referred to as OSMOSIS!
Picture
OSMOSIS
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​      ​Diffusion behaves in the way just described, because it is able to move freely and unhindered. In biological systems, molecules are not permitted to move freely. The movement of ions and molecules is tightly regulated by the cell membrane. The cell membrane is selectively-permeable .  Substances are permitted to pass through under certain conditions through pores or channels or transporters. ​​The movement of water across the membrane is of particular importance to biological systems. Failure of the cell to maintain osmotic balance with its environment can have a catastrophic negative effects. The movement of water molecules across the semi-permeable cell membrane is called osmosis.​​​​​     

     In osmosis, we only concern ourselves with the movement of water molecules (H2O) across the cell membrane. As we saw in diffusion, molecules will travel from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 
​To understand this concept, it is important to think about a solution in terms of its components.
  • The liquid substance that acts to dissolve particles, is called the solvent. ​
  • The particles that get dissolved are called the ​solute. ​
Then we can define solutions in terms of the concentration of solute and define how cells will be effected by exposure to those solutions!  We can define solutions in this way as being..
  • Hypotonic - a hypotonic solution has a LOWER concentration of solutes than are found in the intracellular fluid
  • Isotobic - an isotonic solution is one that has the SAME concentration of solutes that are found in the intracellular fluid
  • Hypertonic -  a hypertonic solution has a HIGHER concentration of solutes than are found in the intracellular fluid
     In biological systems, the solute in unable to freely diffuse across the cell membrane, so it builds up a ​concentration gradient. ​This means that there is a higher concentration of solute on one side of the membrane than there is on the other.
​
     The water molecules, on the other hand, CAN move freely across the cell membrane and will travel from an area of high concentration to low concentration. This traveling from high concentration to low concentration can be termed as travelling down its ​concentration gradient. 
​
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HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

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A hypotonic ​ solution is one that has "less" concentration of solute to solvent than the intracellular fluid (fluid inside of the cell).  When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water rushed INTO the cell and causes it to SWELL or BURST.

ISOTONIC SOLUTION

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  An isotonic solution is a solution that has the "same" concentration of solute to solvent as the intracellular fluid (the fluid inside of the cell). When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there is NO NET movement of water into or out of the cell. The cell is happy.

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

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​ ​A hypertonic ​solution is one that contains a higher concentration of solute to solvent than the fluid inside of the cell. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will rush out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

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EXOCYTOSIS
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EXOCYTOSIS AND ENDOCYTOSIS
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