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      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
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      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
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      • THE HEART
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    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
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    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
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    • Female Reproductive System
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    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
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    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
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      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
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      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
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      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
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      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

INTRODUCTION TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 

The Components of the Circulatory System

   Before we begin, let's start with some basic concepts and definitions. Let's first discuss WHAT the circulatory system IS and WHAT the circulatory system DOES for us.

   The function of the circulatory system is to 
transport the blood throughout the body.

The circulatory system has 3 components:
  1. The heart - functions to pump blood throughout the body by creating a pressure gradient.
  2. The blood vessels - the network of passage ways for the blood to travel through.
  3. The blood - carries the substances that are being transported to and from the cells. ​

Components of the Blood

Picture
Picture

Overview of the Circulatory System

A Visual Animation of How the Blood Flows Through the Chambers of the Heart and the Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits of the Circulatory System

The Arterial Pathways

Pathway from the Heart to the Brain via the Carotid Arteries

Tour of the Blood Vessels

Veins --> Pathway from the Brain to the Heart via the Jugular Veins

Pathways to and from the Kidneys

​The blood has 3 major components.
  1. Blood Cells
    1. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 
    2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
  2. Platelets
    1. Blood Clotting Factors
  3. Blood Plasma
    1. The Liquid Background Substance of the Blood​
Picture
Picture

THE RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)


    The proper name for Red Blood Cells is Erythrocytes. Red blood cells are short-lived and do not have a nucleus. The main function of the erythrocytes is to
  1. transport oxygen to the cells of the body
  2. take away carbon dioxide from the cells of the body​

    THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)

Picture

     White blood cells help to protect your body against infection and fight disease. Unlike the red blood cells, white blood cells DO have a nucleus. ​
Picture
   The red blood cells are rather easy to spot on slides, because they do not have a nucleus! Red blood cells (like all blood cells) form from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. As they mature, they lose their nucleus, their DNA and many of their organelles. 
    The white blood cells retain their nuclei as can be seen with the purple hematoxylin nuclear stain. The white blood cells function in different ways to protect you from infection and disease.
   The platelets appear as small darkly stained fragments on the slide. These are blood clotting factors. 

The Vessels of the Circulatory System ​

The 2 Main Types of Blood Vessels are 

1) ARTERIES
2) VEINS

Picture


​ARTERIES = Arteries are the blood vessels that are carrying blood AWAY FROM the heart. The arteries have high pressure and thick arterial walls.
VEINS = Veins are the blood vessels that are carrying blood TOWARDS the heart. ​The veins have thin walls and low pressure since they are further away from the heart. For this reason, the veins have one-way valves that prevent the blood from flowing backward (see illustration). 
Picture
   Although most veins are shown in BLUE and most arteries are shown in RED, the color IS NOT an indication of whether or not it is an artery or a vein! Instead, the coloring means the following:

The RED coloring indicates that the blood carried in that vessel is OXYGENATED.  
The BLUE coloring indicates that the blood carried in that vessel is DEOXYGENATED.  

The Pulmonary and Systemic Loops of the Circulatory System


 The circulatory system circulates blood around two loops. 

1) THE PULMONARY CIRCUIT - Functions to bring blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

 2) THE SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT - Functions to bring blood from the heart to all the parts of the body (except  the lungs)   
Picture
Picture
Picture

The Chambers of the Heart    

     The heart has 4 chambers;
  1.  The Right Atrium 
  2. The Right Ventricle
  3. The Left Atrium 
  4. The Left Ventricle
Picture
   The word "atrium" comes from the Latin word for "entrance". The atria (plural for atrium)  of the heart function to RECEIVE blood. ​
  The right atrium of the heart is the chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body. The left atrium of the heart is the chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. 
   The word "ventricle" comes from the Latin word for "belly". This origin probably comes from the fact that the ventricles of the heart are the larger, more rounded chambers of the heart. The ventricles receive blood from the atria and the send that blood out of the heart. The ventricles create the "pumping" action of the heart by the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle (myocardium). The right ventricle receives the deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and sends that blood out to the lungs to pick up oxygen. The blood picks up oxygen and return to the heart at the left atrium. The left ventricle receives the oxygenated blood from the left atrium and sends that blood out to the body. ​

The Flow of Blood Through the
​Chambers of the Heart

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    The right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood that has traveled through the body. This blood has a low level of oxygen and a high level of carbon dioxide. This blood also has low pressure since it has traveled a good distance since it got its last "push" from the heart.
    This deoxygenated blood from the lower and upper body travels to the right atrium, and then travels to the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, it pushes the deoxygenated blood out of the heart and sends it to the lungs. (This is the pulmonary circuit).  As this blood passes by the lungs, it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide.
     The oxygenated blood from the lungs then travels back to the heart to get another "push" before it goes to the body (this is the systemic circuit).  The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood coming from the lungs. This blood enters the left atrium and then travels to the left ventricle. The left ventricle contracts to push the oxygenated blood out of the heart and to the body in order to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and to pick up unwanted substances like waste and carbon dioxide. 

The Valves of the Heart​

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The four valves of the heart are as follows: 
  1. The Tricuspid Valve is an atrioventricular (AV) valve that allows for the one-way movement of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
  2. The Pulmonary Semilunar Valve is a semilunar (SV) valve that allows for the one-way movement of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries (which travel to the lungs).
  3. The Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve is an atrioventricular (AV) valve that allows for the one-way movement of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
  4. The Aortic Semilunar Valve is a semilunar (SV) valve that allows for the one-way movement of blood from the left ventricle to the aorta (which travel to the body).
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The Heart Valves in the Anatomical Model of the Heart
The Flow of Blood Through the Heart INCLUDING THE VALVES

​​    Deoxygenated blood comes from the body and goes to the right atrium. The blood then travels through the TRICUSPID VALVE to get to the right ventricle. Once the right ventricle contracts, this blood is then pumped through the PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE to the pulmonary trunk which splits off to form the right and left pulmonary arteries which will carry the blood to the lungs.

    Oxygenated blood comes from the lungs and enters the left atrium. The blood then travels through the MITRAL (BICUSPID) VALVE to the left ventricle. When the left ventricle contracts, the blood is pumped through the AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE to the aorta where it will travel to the body.
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The Aorta

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   The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The function of the aorta is to send oxygenated blood to the body. That means all of the blood in the systemic circuit of the circulatory system has to go through the aorta. ​
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   The aorta has different regions. The first segment of the aorta ascends upward and is appropriately called the ascending aorta. The next segment makes a U-turn and forms and arch. This portion is call the aortic arch. The aortic arch has 3 vessels that project off of it superior. These 3 vessels collectively, function to bring oxygenated blood to the upper portions of the body.  

   After the aortic arch, the aorta turns inferiorly and descends as the descending aorta. The portion of the descending aorta hat gies through the thoracic cavity ids called the thoracic aorta. Once the the thoracic aorta travels through the diaphragm, it leave the thoracic cavity and enters into the abdominal cavity. This portion of the descending aorta is called the abdominal aorta.
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The Branches of the Aortic Arch

The aortic arch contains 3 branches
  1. the brachiocephalic trunk 
  2. the left common carotid artery 
  3. the left subclavian artery ​
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The Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left Common Carotid Artery and Left Subclavian Arteries in the Anatomical Model of the Torso
      The 3 branches of the aortic arch function, collectively, to carry oxygenated blood to the upper regions of the body. The first branch is the brachiocephalic trunk. The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcates (splits into 2) to form the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery. The right subclavian artery supplies blood to the right arm and the right common carotid artery will continue to travel superiorly and supply blood to the right side of the head, neck and brain. 

    The second branch is the left common carotid artery and it supplies blood to the left side of the head, neck and brain. The third branch is the left subclavian artery and it supplies blood to the left arm.
 The descending aorta supplies blood to the lower portions of the body
.
Picture
The Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left Common Carotid Artery and Left Subclavian Arteries in the Anatomical Model of the Heart

The Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries

    Another large artery you see in the heart is colored BLUE because it is carrying deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. This artery is called the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk branches off to form the right and left pulmonary arteries. The right pulmonary artery carries the blood to the right lung and the left pulmonary artery carries blood to the left lung.
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The Brachiocephalic Veins

        The right and left brachiocephalic veins come together to form the superior vena cava. The word "brachio-" means "upper arm" and the word "cephalic" means "head". The right brachiocephalic vein brings deoxygenated blood from the right side of the head and the right arm, to the superior vena cava. The left brachiocephalic vein brings deoxygenated blood from the left side of the head and neck and the left arm, to the superior vena cava
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The Pulmonary Veins

        Oxygenated blood coming from the lungs returns to the heart through the right and left pulmonary veins. The veins are colored RED, because these veins carry oxygenated blood. The right pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood from the right lung to the left atrium of the heart. The left pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood from the left lung to the left atrium of the heart.
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The Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

   The largest veins of the body are the superior and inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium. The inferior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.
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