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      • VOLCANO LAB
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    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
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    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
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    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
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  • General Biology
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    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
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    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
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      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
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    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
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      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
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    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
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  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
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  • Human Sexuality
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    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
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    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
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    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
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    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
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  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
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      • Practical Exam #2 REDEMPTION EXAM!
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    • Anatomy Basics
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      • Levels of Organization
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      • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Cells Portal
      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
      • The Cell Cycle
      • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
    • Tissues Portal SAC
      • The Integumentary System
      • Epithelial Tissues
      • Connective Tissue
      • Muscle Tissue
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
    • The Nervous System
      • Introduction to the Nervous System
      • Nervous Tissue
      • The Brain - Anat
      • The Ear - Sensory Organs
      • The Eye - Sensory Organs
    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • The Renal System
    • The Respiratory System
    • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PORTAL
      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic - Physio
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC - Physio
    • Chemical Bonds - Physio
    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
    • Lymphatic System
    • Respiratory System Physiology
    • Renal System
    • Digestive System
    • Reproductive System
  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
    • Lab 2 - Osmosis
    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
      • The Epidermis rio
      • Connective Tissue
  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

Cells

The Cell

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Hi!  I'm MICHELLE THE CELL!  Today I am going to teach you about ....   CELLS!

YAY!



The Anatomy of the Cell

The Cell is the Fundamental Unit of Life

  • All living things are composed of one or more cells!

There are 2 major categories of cells.
​
1) Prokaryotic cells   2) Eukaryotic cells

Compartmentalization only exists in eukaryotic cells   Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized. They have a nucleus which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope. Eukaryotic cells also contain many membrane-bound organelles. In contrast, prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, nor do they have membrane-bound organelles. ​
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     The biggest differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are as follows:
  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
  • Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles.
  • Prokaryotic cells have been on Earth billions of years longer than eukaryotic cells or eukaryotic organisms. 
  • Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells.
  • Prokaryotic cells are structurally less complex than eukaryotic cells. 
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   All prokaryotic organisms are composed of only one prokaryotic cell. All organisms in the archaea and the bacteria domains are prokaryotic organisms. 
   Eukaryotic organisms can be either unicellular or multicellular and are composed of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic organisms belong to the eukarya domain. 

There are 2 major categories of eukaryotic cells:

1) Plant Cells     2) Animal Cells

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Animal Cell

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Structures and Organelles

 THE CYTOPLASM
   The internal environment of the cell is referred to as the CYTOPLASM. The cytoplasm includes the intracellular fluid, dissolved substances and organelles of the cell, but does not include the nucleus or the contents of the nucleus. In other words, the cytoplasm represents everything inside eukaryotic cells that are internal to the cell membrane (or plasma membrane) but external to the nucleus. In prokaryotic cells, the cytoplasm would refer to all of the intracellular contents. ​
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The Cytosol
   The inside of the cell is an aqueous environment full of intracellular fluid, that is more appropriately referred as the CYTOSOL. If you were to remove the cellular structures from
the cytoplasm, you would be left with the cytosol. However, the cytosol is not just simply water, or H2O. The cytosol also contains, salts, ions, and organic compounds. ​

The Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane

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     The cell membrane is also called the plasma membrane. The cell membrane protects the cell by creating a barrier between what is inside the cell and what is outside the cell. The cell membrane also regulates what comes into and what goes out of the cell. For this reason, we consider the cell membrane to be “SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE” which means that it allows some substances to enter or exit the cell, but not others. 

    This is a very important function! 
​  

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    For this reason, we consider the cell membrane to be “SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE” which means that it allows some substances to enter or exit the cell, but not others. This is a very important function. The Cell Membrane is selectively permeable due to its structure. The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer in all eukaryotic cells and bacteria cells.  ​

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​
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Phospholipid

​     The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane has a unique structure. It is made up of an inner layer and an outer layer of phospholipids that are oriented with their 'tails' facing each other.

     Phospholipids are considered amphiphilic, because they contain a polar, hydrophillic head that consists of a phosphate group and two nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty acid chains as 'tails'.

     When the phospholipids form the cell membrane, the polar, hydrophillic (water-loving) heads are oriented towards the liquid outside the cells (extracellular fluid) and the liquid inside the cell (extracellular fluid).  The tails of the phospholipids are oriented towards each other, away from the liquid, since they are made up of hydrophobic (water-fearing) fatty acid chains. This formation creates a barrier between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular fluid (cytology). ​

 The Cell Wall
​

  Plant cells, which are eukaryotic cells, have cell walls. Many prokaryotic organisms that live in aqueous environments also have the added protection of the cell wall. The cell wall lies on the outside of the cell membrane and gives additional protection to the cell. The cell wall protects against osmotic pressure. When a cell with a cell wall is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water molecules rush into the cell. The cell wall resists the added pressure and protects the cell from lysis (bursting open). Cells that are placed in a hypotonic solution that do not have a cell wall, will undergo lysis. 
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The Nucleus

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 ​ The main function of the nucleus is to house the DNA in eukaryotic cells.   DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the "instruction manual" for the cell. The primary function of the DNA is to provide the instructions for protein synthesis to the cell through the processes of transcription and translation. ​​

Ribosomes

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The Main Function of a Ribosome is to Be the Site of Protein Synthesis.  Proteins perform the majority of the functions of the cell. They provide structure, they catalyze chemical reactions, they form the receptors and channels of the cell and much more. For this reason, cells are in the constant process of making proteins (protein synthesis). We should consider proteins as the "workhorses" of the cell. 
    Ribosomes are specialized organelles that exist in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells that function as the "site of protein synthesis". ​



The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(The Rough ER) 

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The main function of the rough ER is to house the ribosomes The rough ER is composed of a network of membranous sacs or envelopes  and tubules. The outside of the rough ER appears 'rough' due to attached ribosomes. The rough ER gets its name from its 'bumpy' or 'rough' appearance  due to ribosomes that are attached to it. In the rough ER, ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and then exit the nucleus. Some of these ribosomes then attach themselves to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they will act as a "site of protein synthesis" for the cell. ​


There are 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER); the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. ​​

The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
​(The Smooth ER)

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     The Main Function of the Smooth ER is to Make Lipids
     The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER) appears smooth in comparison to the rough ER. This is because the smooth ER does not have ribosomes bound to it. The structure of the smooth ER is similar to that of the rough ER in the fact that it is composed of a membranous system of sacs or envelopes and tubules. Its structure differs in the fact that it appear smooth since it does not have ribosomes attached to it.

​     The smooth ER's main function is to make lipids. The smooth ER also functions to synthesize steroid hormones, metabolize lipids and even acts assists in detoxification of the cell. 

    ​

The Lysosome

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The Main Function of the Lysosome is to Digest Biological Matter
A lysosome is a membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle that exists only in eukaryotic cells.  Lysosomes contain enzymes that can break down different biomolecules. The lysosome works to digest substances in a similar way that our own stomach does. Lysosomes function in single-celled eukaryotic organisms, such as protozoa, to digest food. 

The Golgi Body / Golgi Apparatus

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The Main Function of the Golgi Body is to Package and Ship Proteins
The Golgi body functions to Modify, Package and Ship proteins in eukaryotic cells! The Golgi body is able to sort the incoming proteins and can tell where their final destination should be. These proteins could be destined for a number of destination including secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, or incorporation into the plasma membrane.
​The Golgi Apparatus is made up of 3 – 10  “envelopes” called cisternae. 
     
     You can think of the Golgi body as the Post Office of the cell. After proteins are made at the ribosome, the proteins travel to the Golgi body. The Golgi body will modify the proteins with strings of amino acid sequences (called signaling sequences) that will tell the cell where the protein is going to go! You can think of this process as "gift wrapping" and "placing a shipping label" on the protein! 

Chloroplasts

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 ​  While all living organisms must undergo cellular respiration, not all organisms are able to photosynthesize. There are photosynthetic organisms that belong to all 3 domains of life (archaea, bacteria and eukarya).
   Some of the eukaryotic organisms that use photosynthesis include plants and algae (a type of protist).  In eukaryotic organisms, the process of photosynthesis takes place in the specialized membrane-bound organelles called chloroplasts. The chloroplasts contain a photosensitive pigment that captures light energy and starts the process of photosynthesis. 

    Some prokaryotic organisms also undergo photosynthesis. However, they do this without the assistance of structures like chloroplasts. Instead, the processes needed to capture light energy and transform it take place in the cytoplasm and in the membrane of the bacteria. 
An example of a photosynthetic bacterium is the cyanobacterium, shown here.

Cytoskeleton- Centrosomes, Centrioles, and Microtubules

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    We have not yet discovered any prokaryotic cells having a cytoskeleton. Prokaryotic cells do produce some proteins that give them their shape, but those proteins do not have the level of order and organization that we observe in cytoskeleton of the eukaryotic cells. 
   The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is a web-like scaffolding of protein fibers that act as transportation superhighways and give the cell its structure and shape. They line up chromosomes and help the daughter cells separate during cell division. 
   The centrosome acts as the microtubule organization center. The microtubules are bundled and assembled with microfilaments into various organized subunits.
The cytoskeleton of the cell provides structure to the cell, in a similar way that our own skeleton gives us shape! In addition to structure, the cytoskeleton acts as a scaffolding within the cell that can be used to anchor certain organelles in place or as a roadway for molecules to travel on. Another main function of the centrosome and microtubules is seen during the cell cycle and mitosis (cell division). 
​


Cool Cells IN ACTION!

White Blood Cell with Red Blood Cells

White cells (leukocytes) defend the body from viruses, bacteria and parasites.

via GIPHY

GIF courtesy of http://imgur.com/gallery/2rF7gd7

via GIPHY

https://gfycat.com/ColorlessWarmArcticwolf

MUSCLE CELLS

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Cardiac Muscle Cell
NEURONS
realcleverscience.tumblr.com

Neurons making connections in the hippocampus where memories are formed. 

via GIPHY

via GIPHY

Summary of Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Organelles


Anatomy of the Cell


Regions of the Cell
The 3 Main Regions of the Cell are 
1) Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
2) Cytoplasm (Cytosol and Cytoplasmic Organelles)
​3) Nucleus

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The Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
- The Main Function of the Cell Membrane is PROTECTION -

The cell membrane is also called the plasma membrane. You can think of the membrane as the "skin" of the cell. Anything outside of the cell is considered "extracellular" and the contents inside the cell are considered "intracellular". ​The cell membrane protects the cell by creating a barrier between what is inside the cell and what is outside the cell.
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Cross Section of the Cell Membrane

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​The cell membrane surrounds the entire cell and act as protection. You can think of the cell membrane as acting like our skin!
          In addition to this, the cell membrane does something our skin can’t do... It regulates what comes into the cell and what goes out of the cell. For this reason, we consider the cell membrane to be “SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE” which means that it allows some substances to enter or exit the cell, but not others. This is a very important function. 

     The Cell Membrane is selectively permeable due to its structure. The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer.
             Phospholipid
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​     The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane has a unique structure. It is made up of an inner layer and an outer layer of phospholipids that are oriented with their 'tails' facing each other.

     Phospholipids are considered amphiphilic, because they contain a polar, hydrophillic head that consists of a phosphate group and two nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty acid chains as 'tails'.

     When the phospholipids form the cell membrane, the polar, hydrophillic (water-loving) heads are oriented towards the liquid outside the cells (extracellular fluid) and the liquid inside the cell (extracellular fluid).  The tails of the phospholipids are oriented towards each other, away from the liquid, since they are made up of hydrophobic (water-fearing) fatty acid chains. This formation creates a barrier between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular fluid (cytology). ​

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Click Below to View a Video on the Mighty Membrane


GIF Courtesy of Source s10.lite.msu.edu ​

Nucleus
The Main Function of the Nucleus is to Hold the DNA.

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The structure of the nucleus - The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, which is essentially a membrane (a phospholipid bilayer) that compartmentalizes (or separates) the nucleus from the rest of the cell. The liquid inside of the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm. The nucleus houses the DNA, which holds the instructions for protein synthesis (as well as other instructions for the cell).  

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the "instruction manual" for the cell. The primary function of the DNA is to provide the instructions for protein synthesis to the cell through the processes of transcription and translation. ​

Ribosomes
The Main Function of a Ribosome is to Be the Site of Protein Synthesis.

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After the ribosome is assembled (made) in the nucleolus, it leaves the nucleus. Some ribosomes will end up as "free ribosomes" that remain unattached in the cytosol. Other ribosomes will attach to the nearby Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

All ribosomes function as "the site of protein synthesis".  Free ribosomes are used as the site for making water-soluble proteins, whereas the ribosomes that are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum act as the site for making proteins that will either be incorporated into the cell membrane or will be transported out of the cell (via exocytosis). 



ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

There are 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER); the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. ​
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 
(The Rough ER)

Picture
The rough ER gets its name from its 'bumpy' or 'rough' appearance  due to ribosomes that are attached to it. In the rough ER, ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and then exit the nucleus. Some of these ribosomes then attach themselves to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they will act as a "site of protein synthesis" for the cell. ​
The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
​(The Smooth ER)

Picture
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER) appears smooth in comparison to the rough ER. This is because the smooth ER does not have ribosomes bound to it. The smooth ER's main function is to make lipids.

Summary of Structure and Function of Organelles

Eukaryotic ORGANELLE or STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
MEMBRANE
REGULATION OF TRANSPORT INTO AND OUT OF CELL
CELL SKIN / DOORMAN/ BOUNCER
CYTOSOL (intracellular fluid)
​LIQUID OF THE CELL  THAT LIES INSIDE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE, AND OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS    
FLUID
VESICLES
TRANSPORTATION
VEHICLES
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE / NUCLEAR MEMBRANE 
MEMBRANE AROUND THE NUCLEUS, REGULATION OF TRANSPORT INTO AND OUT OF NUCLEUS 
NUCLEUS SKIN / DOORMAN/ BOUNCER
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
LIPID ASSEMBLY
LIPID ASSEMBLY LINE
RIBOSOMES
THE SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 
PROTEIN ASSEMBLY LINE
LYSOSOME
DIGESTS UNWANTED SUBSTANCES
CELL STOMACH / RECYCLING CENTER
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
HOLDS RIBOSOMES
FACTORY
MITOCHONDRIA
​CREATES ENERGY (ATP)
POWER PLANT
GOLGI BODY / GOLGI APPARATUS 
MODIFIES, PACKAGES AND SHIPS PROTEINS
POST OFFICE
NUCLEUS
HOLDS THE DNA
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
Cytoplasm

Fluid, dissolved substances and organelles outside the nucleus, but inside the cell. 
Everything NOT in the nucleus.
Microtubules / Microfilaments / Centrioles / Centrosomes
Structural Support and Locomotion
Skeleton of the Cell
Vacuole
Storage of Food and Water 
Kitchen Cupboard
Cell Wall 
(plants only)
Protection / Maintain Shape
Armor
Chloroplasts
(plants only)
Makes Food (glucose) for the Plant Cell Using Sunlight
CHEF 
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