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    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
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  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
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    • Cells Portal
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      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
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      • The Integumentary System
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      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
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      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
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      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
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      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
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    • Case Study One
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      • The Epidermis
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  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

The Ear

Nervous System HOME Portal
go to the eye anatomy page

NEW - Flash Cards added at the Bottom of this Page!

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    Your ear is the receptor organ responsible for the sensing auditory (hearing) and vestibular (equilibrium)  information. The ear has 3 main regions; the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. Auditory sensory information is sensed by the outer and middle ear, whereas vestibular sensory information is sensed by the inner ear.

THE EXTERNAL EAR
    The outer ear (or the external ear) includes the 
auricle (pinna) and the external auditory canal (also known as the external auditory meatus). 
​   The outward visible portion of the ear is called the auricle, or pinna. It's unique shape somewhat resembles shell, surrounded by a couple of key features. At the top, the auricle is surrounded by a lid-like structure. the bottom or inferior portion of the auricle has the ear lobe. The auricle of the ear is composed of elastic cartilage which gives it its unique flexibility.
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​    The function of the auricle is to gather auditory information from the outside world and to funnel that information into the external auditory canal (external acoustic meatus). You may wonder why the auricle has such a unique shape. Sound waves are generated by the physical disturbance of particles generated by vibrations. Your brain picks up on the way these sound waves interact with the unique non-uniform shape of the auricle and determines an approximate vertical location of the source of that sound. In other words, the shape of the auricle gives your brain information on whether the sound comes from above or below. 
   
    The auricle directs sound waves to the 
external auditory canal. The outer 1/3 of the canal is made up of elastic cartilage as well, but then becomes surrounded by temporal bone as is burrows its way through from the auricle to the middle ear. In most people, the external auditory canal is approximately 2.5 cm  in length, and runs from the auricle to the ear drum.

​​THE MIDDLE EAR
    
The outer ear is separated from the middle ear by the ear drum or the tympanic membrane. Tympanum is Latin for "drum". It consists of a thin, translucent membrane. As sound waves reach the tympanic membrane, causing the membrane to vibrate. These vibrations are transferred to the tiny bones of your middle ear. 

via GIPHY

    The middle ear also contains the auditory tube (or Eustachian tube) which connects the tympanic cavity with the nasal cavity. The function of the auditory tube is to allowing pressure to equalize between the middle ear and throat. This is the part of your body responsible for causing your ears to pop when you are on an airplane or traveling to the mountains. You may have notices that chewing gum or moving your jaw can assist the auditory tube in equalizing the pressure in your ears. ​
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Malleus ___ Incus ___ Stapes
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​    The 
cochlea is named after the Greek word for "shell or spiral", because of its spiral shape. The cochlea is a fluid filled chamber that is continuous with the oval window. As the liquid of the cochlea is disturbed by movement of the round window, specialized hair cells pick up specific information about the tone, pitch and amplitude of the sound. 
The middle ear begins at the tympanic membrane and ends at the oval window of the inner (or internal) ear. The middle ear contains the 3 smallest bones of your body, called the ossicles, that lie in the hollow chamber of the middle ear, called the tympanic cavity. The term "ossicle" literally means "tiny bone". The primary function of the middle ear is to transfer sound wave information from the air, to liquid waves in the cochlea. 
​    You have 3 auditory ossicles; the malleus (or hammer), the incus (or anvil) and the stapes (or stirrup). ​
The middle ear thus serves to convert the energy from sound pressure waves to a force upon the liquid of the inner ear. The oval window is much smaller than the tympanic membrane, so the pressure induced by the stapes moving the oval window, causes the increase in pressure necessary to move the inner ear liquid.  ​
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    The inner ear (or internal ear) detects sensory information for sound and balance. The inner ear has organs dedicated to sensing sound information and organs dedicated to balance or equilibrium.       
    
​    The inner ear is composed of the vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The cochlea's main function is to convert sound pressure patterns into electrochemical impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve (part of the vestibulocochlear nerve - Cranial Nerve XIII).    As the stapes moves the membrane of the oval window, the oval window, pushes against the liquid of the inner ear (called perilymph), which causes the liquid of the inner ear to move.

via GIPHY

via GIPHY

How Does it Work?
    
 Sound travels as a compression wave (or pressure wave) through the air (see the animation of a sound wave). These waves travel through the external auditory canal and hit the tympanic membrane of the middle ear, causing it to vibrate.
    
In the middle ear, the vibrations of  tympanic membrane cause vibrations of the three auditory ossicles. The pressure waves move the malleus, which moves the incus, which then moves the stapes. A portion of the stapes is connected to the oval window,  so that as the stapes moves, the thin membrane of the oval window which connects to the inner ear. The middle ear essentially functions to convert the energy from sound pressure waves to a physical force on the fluid of the inner ear. Hair cells in the cochlea send this sound information to the brain via the auditory nerve, which is part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve XIII).

The Vestibular Nervous System

    The vestibular system is responsible for sensing the position of your body in space with respect to gravity. For example, the sensation of tilting your head from side to side or spinning around in a circle comes from the activation of tiny hair cells within the 3 semicircular canals in the inner ear. The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in view when the head is moved. The sensations of dizziness and motion sickness comes from when there is a mismatch between what the eyes perceive. For example, a great trick for helping sea sickness is to look at the horizon. When you look at the horizon, the horizon moves up and down within your visual field as the boat you are on moves up and down. This simple act functions to 'sync up' the visual information with the vestibular information! ​
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Histology of the Ear

Practice Identifying the cochlear duct and the spiral organ of Corti (including its basilar membrane and hair cells) in the slides below.
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Anatomical Model of the Ear

External Ear

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Middle and Inner Ear

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Structures of the Middle Ear

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Structures of the Inner Ear

Virtual Flash Cards

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