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    • Population Ecology
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      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
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      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
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    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
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  • General Biology
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    • buffers
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    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
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    • Course Information
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    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
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    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
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    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
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    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
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    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
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        • Nutritional Categories
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        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
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    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
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    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
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    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
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  • Chemistry of Life
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  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
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  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
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  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
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  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
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  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
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  • Virtual Eye Lab
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  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
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  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
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Go To ANATOMY HOMEPAGE

What is the language of anatomy?

AN INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
​
Using proper medical and anatomical terminology allows all healthcare workers to communicate in one language which reduces errors and saves lives.
Picture
Picture

Anatomy can seem overwhelming with the multitude of strange-sounding terms. You may have heard the expression, "It's GREEK to me." 
​Well, it's not Greek, it's Latin!  ...well, mostly.

     The language of science was designed to be universal. The idea is that experts in the field of science l (medicine, biology, zoology and chemistry etc.) can communicate exactly and precisely with one another, regardless of their language. 
​Getting rid of ambiguity is imperative in communicating an idea, a location on the body or a procedure.

   Imagine if you needed a life-saving procedure and the doctor gave your surgeon the ambiguous instruction, "remove mass from inside chest". 
Picture

YIKES!

Why Latin?

    Well.... there was a time where all "standard" communications in scientific disciplines were written in Latin as the "international scientific ​lingua franca." In the days of the Roman empire, Latin was the main language used in all scientific, civil, diplomatic, legal, and even religious communication across Europe.
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    Many languages change over time.

     If you read a text written in Old English, you may find it challenging to interpret, even as an English speaker. Several documents exist today that experts cannot interpret because the language or dialect in which it was written has essentially "died out".

    The idea of using a universal language (LATIN) was to preserve important knowledge for future generation.

​Latin as a universal language persisted through the Renaissance Era. The idea of Latin as the universal language began to fall out of favor in the 1700's. However, the Latin roots in medical terminology and anatomy have remained intact. ​

So, learning anatomy really is like learning another language. But, don't worry. You will see these prefixes, roots and suffixes over and over again in medical and anatomical terminology. And even if you forget the meaning of a word on a test, you can often infer the meaning by looking at the parts of the word that you do know!  
LET'S GIVE IT A TRY!
  • Prefix: A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify the meaning. Pre means "before." 
  • Root: The root is the central part of a word.       
  • Suffix:  The ending part of a word that modifies the meaning of the word. 
Myocarditis
(prefix) = myo, which means muscle
(root) =  card, which means heart 
(suffix) = -itis, which means inflammation

A Short List of Examples

ROOT, PREFIX OR SUFFIX
MEANING
EXAMPLE
a-, an-
 not, without
​analgesic, apathy
ab-
from; away from
abduction

acou-
relating to hearing 
acoustician, hyperacusis
acr-
extremity
​acromegaly, acroposthia
-ad
toward
adduction

aden-
-Of or relating to a gland
​adenocarcinoma, adenotome

adip-
Of or relating to fat or fatty tissue
Adipocyte
adreno-
Of or relating to adrenal glands
adrenal artery, Adrenalin
aer(o)-
air, gas
Aerosinusitis, Aerosol
alge(si)-
pain
Analgesic, Fibromyalgia
Va
ambi-
Denoting something as positioned on both sides
Ambidextrousue

amni-

Pertaining to the membranous fetal sac 
Amniocentesis, Amniotic Fluid
amylo-
starchy, carbohydrate-related
amylophagia
​an-
​not, without
Analgesia
andr-
pertaining to a man
Android, andrology, androgen
angi-
blood vessel
angiogram
anti-
​Describing something as 'against' or 'opposed to' another
Antibody, antipsychotic
arteri(o)-
Of or pertaining to an artery
Arteriole, artery
arthr-
Of or pertaining to the joints, limbs
Arthritis, Articulation
-asthenia
weakness
Myasthenia gravis
ather-
fatty deposit
Atherosclerosis
Brach-– 
​Of or pertaining to the Arm
Brachiocephalic Vein
Bi-
​Of or pertaining to the number 2
Bipolar, Bilateral
Cardi-
Of or pertaining to the Heart
Cardiovascular System, Cardiac Arrest
Cyt- or -cyte
Of or pertaining to the cell
Monocyte, Cytology
Derm- or -Dermis
Of or pertaining to the Skin
Dermatitis, Dermatologist, Epidermis
Encephalo-
Of or pertaining to the Brain
Encephalitis, Mesencephalon, Encephalogram
Ecto/exo-
Outer or Outside
Exogenous
Endo- 
Inner or Inside
Endoscopy
Epi-
Upper or Upon
Epidermis
Gastro-
Of or pertaining to the Stomach
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
​Hemat-
​Of or pertaining to the Blood
Hematology
Histo-
Of or pertaining to the Tissues of Living Organisms
Histology, Histocompatibility
​Laparo-
Abdomen, loin or flank
Laparoscopic Surgery
Mono/uni – One
Of or pertaining to the number 1
Unilateral
My/o – Muscle
​Of or pertaining to the
Myalgia
Neur/o – Nerve
​Of or pertaining to the
Neurology
Ocul/o – Eye
​​Of or pertaining to the
Oculomotor
Ophthalm/o – Eyes
​Of or pertaining to the
Opthalomogist
Oro– or Ortho-
​​Of or pertaining to the Mouth
Orthodontics, Orophus, Oropharynx
Oto– or -otic
​Of or pertaining to the Ear or Hearing
Otolith, otology, otocyst, parotic,
Pulmon-
​Of or pertaining to the Lungs
Pulmonary Embolism
Quad-
Of or pertaining to the number 4
Quadriplegic
​Tri-
Of or pertaining to the number 3
Tripod, Triangle, triple bypass
Rheumat-
Related to Skeletal Muscles
Rheumatoid Arthritis

Here are some examples of common medical terminology with suffixes:

Pain terms end with -algia.
Blood terms end in -emia.
Inflammation is -itis.
A breaking down is -lysis.
Relating to disease is -opathy.
Breathing terms end with -pnea.
Picture

FIELDS OF STUDY

Picture

Anatomy: Parts of the body and its general structure.
Gynecology: Study and treatment of the female urinary tract and reproductive organs.
Hematology: Treatment of blood diseases and malignancies.
Microbiology: Related to bacterial and viral infections.
Neonatal: Special care for newborn babies with high dependency needs.
Neurology: Related to the disorders of the brain, spinal cord, or general nervous system.
Oncology: Chemotherapy treatments for cancer.
Pathology: The names for disorders and diseases.
Pediatrics: Medical assistance of infants.
Psychiatry: The study and treatment of mental disorders.
Rheumatology: Related to musculoskeletal disorders (bones, joints, muscles, etc.).
Surgery: Physical operative procedures.
Urology: Related to problems with the bladder and kidneys.



Picture

Abortive: Cutting short the course of a disease.
Abrasion: Friction wearing away of the top layer of skin.
Abruption: A sudden breaking away or breaking off.
Accessory: Extra or supplementary to the main element.
Ambulatory: Able to walk.
Analgesia: Loss of pain where pain would normally be evident without loss of consciousness.
Benign: An abnormal growth that is not life-threatening.
Cavity: Hollow space in the body containing one organ or more.
Compression: To apply pressure to stop bleeding or prevent further injury.
Etiology: The cause of a certain condition.
Exacerbation: Deterioration of a condition.
Hematemesis: Blood in vomit.
Iatrogenic: A condition that appears as a result of treatment of another condition.
Idiopathic: Of unknown cause.
Intractable: Difficult to cure or alleviate.
Referred pain: Pain that is felt in another area to the original source of this pain.
Reflux: Going backward.
Remission: Signs of disease have ceased.
Subcutaneous: Below the skin.
Syndrome: A set of symptoms that indicate towards a certain condition, disease or abnormality.
​

Terms Relating to Areas of the Body

Picture
Abdominal – Abdomen
Cranial – Skull
Digital – Fingers and toes
Femoral – Thigh
Gluteal – Buttock
Inguinal – Groin
Lumbar – Loin
Mammary – Breast
Nasal – Nose
Pectoral – Chest
Thoracis – Chest
Ventral – Stomach


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