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      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
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    • dissection of the fetal pig
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    • Female Reproductive System
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    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
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    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
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    • Time Management
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    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
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    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
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    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
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      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
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      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
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      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
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      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
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    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
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    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
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      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
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        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
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      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
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    • Definition of Terms
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    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
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    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
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    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System
WELCOME TO

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION


Energy Flow Through the Ecosystem

ENERGY FLOW THROUGH THE ECOSYSTEM

All living things need energy to power the processes of life. For example, it takes energy to grow. It also takes energy to produce offspring. In fact, it takes energy just to stay alive.  

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 Producers for the base of all food chains (or food pyramids or food webs). Energy flows ONE WAY in the ecosystem. Diagrams of energy flow Food Chains – a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Energy flows through an ecosystem in a one-way stream, from primary producers to primary consumers to secondary consumers to tertiary consumers.

       Food chains, food pyramids and food webs are pictorial representations of how energy moves through the ecosystem. Each level of these representations is called a "trophic level". 

Food Pyramids - a series of steps depicted as a pyramid in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. You can see the loss of energy at each trophic step in the pyramid since the area of the trophic steps gets smaller as you get away from the producers at the bottom. Pyramid diagrams show the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. 

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FOOD PYRAMID Created by ScientistCindy

    This is an food pyramid or energy pyramid. It shows the flow of energy through the ecosystem and shows how energy is lost at each trophic level. The more levels in an energy pyramid between producer and a given consumer, the smaller percentage of the original energy is available. 

Producers – Make their own energy (food)
​ Consumers – Must consume other organisms to gain energy
Producers are autotrophic and make their own food via photosynthesis. 
The consumers that eat producers are called primary consumers. 
 Primary consumers are vegetarians (herbivores) or omnivores.
The consumers that eat primary consumers are secondary consumers.
 Secondary, tertiary and quaternary consumers are meat-eaters (carnivores) or omnivores.
 The consumers that eat secondary consumers are tertiary consumers.      

Energy From the Sun 
 Photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugar (glucose). Photosynthesis takes CO2 from the air and adds O2 to the air.

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  • Ecosystems get their energy from the Sun.
  • Most use energy in the ecosystem comes from the sun (a little comes from chemotrophs).
  • ​​Only producers can use sunlight to make usable energy.
  • Producers convert the sunlight into glucose.
  • For example: Plants create chemical energy from abiotic factors that include solar energy.
  • The food energy created by producers is passed through the food chain.​
  • In this way, energy flows from one living thing to another.

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Chemosynthesis - Energy from inorganic molecules In the process called chemosynthesis, bacteria harness chemical energy from inorganic molecules (such as hydrogen sulfide) to produce carbohydrates. Chemosynthesizers often live in extreme environments = deep ocean vents, hot springs, etc.

This is the chemical equation for photosynthesis
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[ REACTANTS ]
[ PRODUCTS ]
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Light energy comes in packets called PHOTONS.

Photosynthesis when photons are absorbed by the photosensitive pigment, chlorophyll.

CHLOROPHYLL exists inside of specialized structures called CHLOROPLASTS which are in the leaves of plants. 

Chlorophyll reflects green light and gives plants their green color. 

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Chloroplasts most likely evolved as a result of a larger prokaryotic cell engulfing a photosynthesizing bacteria. This is the endosymbiotic theory. Some of the evidence that supports this theory is...
1) Chloroplasts have their own bacterial DNA in the form of a circular plasmid.
2) Chloroplasts have a double membrane.
3) Chloroplasts reproduce independently with the plant cell.

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION


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  • - ATP  is an energy-carrying molecule that cells use to power their metabolic processes
  • Producer organism that makes its own food

  • - Cellular Respiration - process in which cells break down glucose and make ATP for energy​

Aerobic Cellular Respiration has 3 parts.


1) Glycolysis
2) The Kreb's Cycle / The Citric Acid Cycle
​3) The Electron Transport Chain / Oxidative Phosphorylation

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1) Glycolysis
  • Glycolysis literally means "to cut something sweet". Glycolysis comes from the Latin words "Glyco-" = "sweet" and "Lysis" = "to cut"
  • Glycolysis is the process of breaking down 1 glucose molecule into pyruvate.
  • the NET YIELD of ATP in glycolysis is 2 ATP
  • The process of glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
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2) The Kreb's Cycle / The Citric Acid Cycle
  • The Kreb's cycle is the 2nd step in cellular respiration
  • The Kreb's cycle takes place inside of the mitochondria
  • Mitochondria exist in both plant and animal cells
  • The Kreb's cycle starts with the pyruvate molecule product from glycolysis getting transferred from the cytoplasm of the cell into the mitochondria.
  • Pyruvate is then broken down (pyruvate is the remaining portion of the glucose molecule we started with).
  • The Kreb's cycle creates 2 additional ATP.
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The electron transport chain harvests the energy from all the electron carriers generated in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and uses it to make ATP!

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How Much ATP is Generated?


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Plants undergo both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

​ Plants take in CO2 during photosynthesis and make glucose. The glucose is then used by the plants or organisms that consume the plants for the process of cellular respiration to make ATP. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) which is released back into the atmosphere.  
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    Notice that the reactants of cellular respiration are the products of the photosynthesis and the reactants of photosynthesis  are the products of the cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is basically photosynthesis in reverse.

The main point of cellular respiration is to create ATP which is used as a source of energy within the cell. 

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via GIPHY

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