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      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
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      • Introduction to the Nervous System
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    • dissection of the fetal pig
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    • Portal to the Skeletal system
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    • Case Study One
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      • The Epidermis
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    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
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    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
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    • Fertility and Conception
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    • Infertility
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  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
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    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
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  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
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    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
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  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
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      • The Basics
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      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
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    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
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  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
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      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
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      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
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  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
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    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
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  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
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    • The Appendicular Skeleton
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  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
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    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
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    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
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    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
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    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
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    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
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    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
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  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
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  • Anatomy
    • Anatomy - CMC Home Page
      • Practical Exam #2 REDEMPTION EXAM!
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    • Anatomy Basics
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      • Levels of Organization
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      • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Cells Portal
      • Anatomy of the Cell SAC
      • Membrane Transport
      • The Cell Cycle
      • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
      • BLOOD CELLS
      • mitosis
    • Tissues Portal SAC
      • The Integumentary System
      • Epithelial Tissues
      • Connective Tissue
      • Muscle Tissue
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • Cartilage SAC
    • Organ Systems
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
      • The SKULL ANATOMY
      • the Thoracic Cage
      • the vertebral column
      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
    • The Muscular System Portal
      • Muscle Tissue
      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
    • The Nervous System
      • Introduction to the Nervous System
      • Nervous Tissue
      • The Brain - Anat
      • The Ear - Sensory Organs
      • The Eye - Sensory Organs
    • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • The Renal System
    • The Respiratory System
    • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PORTAL
      • Intro to the Circulatory System
      • THE HEART
      • HEART DISSECTION PHOTO GALLERY
      • THE VESSELS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
    • Digestive System
    • Animal Dissection (Virtual)
    • dissection of the fetal pig
  • Physiology
    • Homeostasis - Physio
    • Chemical Reactions - Physio
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic - Physio
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC - Physio
    • Chemical Bonds - Physio
    • Metabolism - Physio
    • Portal to the Skeletal system
    • Endocrine and Homeostasis physio
    • Muscle Physiology
    • Blood
    • Cardiovascular System
    • Lymphatic System
    • Respiratory System Physiology
    • Renal System
    • Digestive System
    • Reproductive System
  • CMC Physiology Lab
    • Lab 1 - Surface Area to Volume Ratios
    • Lab 2 - Osmosis
    • Lab 4 - Heart Rate and Barometers
    • Lab 5 - Virtual Neuron Lab
    • Case Study One
  • Anat & Physio
    • The Muscular System Portal
    • The Integumentary System a&p
      • The Epidermis
      • The Dermis
      • The Epidermis rio
      • Connective Tissue
  • Biology of Human Pregnancy
    • Course Calendar - BIO 3070
    • Bio of Pregnancy - SYLLABUS
    • Course Information
    • Evolution of Human Pregnancy
    • History of Human Pregnancy
    • Myths of Pregnancy and Fertility
    • Female Reproductive System
    • The Menstrual Cycle
    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
    • Fertility and Conception
    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
  • Chemistry
    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
      • VOLCANO LAB
    • Volcano Project
  • College/Life Skills
    • Online Professionalism
    • Advising Resources
    • INTERVIEW SKILLS AND RESUME WRITING
    • DIVERSITY
    • CAMPUS EVENTS
      • Predation
    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
    • Exam 2 Study Guide
    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
      • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

The Epidermis

The Epidermis

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   The word "cutaneous" simply means "skin" in Latin and is also called the integument which means “covering”. Different areas of the body will have various thickness between 1.5 to 4.0 millimeters (mm).  

The Layers of the Skin

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​Your skin's thickness varies in different areas of your body. Skin can be categorized as either thick skin or thin skin. Your thick skin is located in regions of your body that has a lot of physical contact with the outside world. These areas include your fingertips, your palms and the soles of your feet. These extra layers help to protect the soft tissues from abrasions. Thick skin differs from thin skin in its structure. While the epidermis is thicker in thick skin than in thin skin, but the layer of the dermis turns out to be thinner. Also, thick skin does not contain hairs, sebaceous glands, or sweat glands. The epithelium of thick skin contains 5 epidermal layers, whereas thin skin contains only 4 layers.

    Epithelial tissue lines every surface of our bodies, inside and out.  Our glands are also made up of epithelial tissue. 
The integumentary system performs a variety of functions. We may spend a lot of time preparing our dead skin cells to look their best for the world, but your skin and its accessory structures do much more than just give you an attractive face! Let's take a look at the ways your skin is hard at work to keep you movin' and groovin' throughout your day!
    The primary function of your skin is to provide a physical protective barrier against harmful environmental elements, dehydration and physical forces. The epithelium allows your internal organs and soft tissues to be somewhat shielded from the outside world.  It provides a barrier that is able to withstand some wear and tear. It can get bumped, bruised or scraped and it is able to heal relatively quickly.
     This is because the epidermis is composed of stratified squamous tissue which provides layers of small, squamous cells which are rapidly and easily replaced. The barrier of your skin also protects you from harmful elements like bacteria, viruses, chemicals and even contains melanin (within specialized cells called melanocytes) which provides protection from harmful UV radiation from the sun.
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YOU SHALL NOT PASS!
     Epithelial tissue is selectively permeable, allowing only certain substances to enter the body at any time. The skin is our first line of defense against harmful elements in our environment, such as disease-causing microbes, reactive substances and irritants. Your skin functions to prevent excess water loss from the body.
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    Epithelial cells that produce secretions are called gland cells or glandular epithelial cells. Like any good cell, the gland cells will come together to form glandular epithelial tissues. 

   Epithelial tissue 
assists in maintaining homeostasis. For example, sweat glands respond to heat by emitting 
secretions that reach the outer surface of the skin to keep us cool. The secretion of sweat, mucus, enzymes, and other products that are delivered by ducts come from the glandular epithelium.

The outermost surface of your skin (the superficial region) is made of a thick epithelial tissue called epidermis. The word "derm" means "skin". The prefix "epi-" means "above". Beneath the epidermis, (deep to the epidermis) is the layer of the dermis. The dermis is composed of connective tissue. The skin is composed of the epidermis and the dermis. Below the skin (deep to the skin) there is another layer called the hypodermis. "Hypo-" means "below". This layer is composed of  areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue. The hypodermis is NOT considered to be part of the skin itself. 

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SKIN

The beauty of the skin is more then SKIN DEEP!

via GIPHY

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​The skin is composed of 2 primary layers: 
1) the epidermis
2) the dermis

The apical (outer most) layer is called the epidermis. The prefix "epi-" means "above".  Lying underneath the epidermis is the dermis. Each of these primary layers is broken down into subsequent layers.

     Epdermal tissue is categorized as a keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue. The most abundant type of cell found in the epidermis are keratinocytes. Keratinocytes produce keratin  which is a fibrous protein that gives strength to epidermis.  The keratin protects the deeper tissue layers not only by providing a physical barrier to the outside world, but they provide antibiotics. and enzymes that act to detoxify the harmful chemicals to which our skin is exposed.  Keratinocytes form in the deepest portion of the epithelium (the stratum basale) and then are continously pushed outward until they die and eventually get sloughed off of the body. We loose millions of these dead skin cells every day!  your epidermis is completely replaced every 35-45 days.   

     The keratinocytes undergo physical changes as they mature and move closer to the surace of your skin. The keratinocytes are created from stem cells that extist in the stratum basale. As these cells are pushed up by the production of new cells beneath them, they make theor way to higher (more apical) epithelial layers. When the keratinocytes reach the stratum spinosum (the layer superficial to the stratum basale) they begin to produce keratin. Once they reach the stratum granulosum, these cells are busy making lots of keratin which fills their cytoplasm. The keratinocytes begin to die as they become part of the stratum lucidum, becoming smaller and clear. They begin to loose their organelles as they die. By the time these dead keratinized squamous epithelial cells reach the skin's surface, they are completely dead and are characterized as "corneocytes".  The corneocytes are basically dead, flat sacs completely filled with fibrous keratin.

     There are no blood vessels in the epidermis, so the epidermis does not have its own blood supply.The epidermis get nutrients and gasses , oxygen, and vitamins travel to the epidermis through the rete pegs, which are made up of a network of very small blood vessels that project down to the dermis layer.

The Epidermis

The Layers of the Epidermis

   The epidermis consists of 5 layers in thick skin / 4 layers in thin skin.
  1. Stratum Corneum - Translates as "horny layer". 
  2. Stratum Lucidem - Translates as "clear layer".  ONLY EXISTS IN THICK SKIN
  3. Stratum Granulosum - Translates as "granular layer". 
  4. Stratum Spinosum - Translates as "spinous layer/prickle cell layer".
  5. Stratum Basale  - Translate as "basal layer".

Need a Mnemonic?? Try, Come, Let's Get SunBurned!
C = Stratum Corneum
L = Stratum Lucidem
G = Stratum Granulosum
S = Stratum Spinosum
B = Stratum Basale 


Picture
The Layers of the Epidermis
(HINT: they go in alphabetical order).
​Starting at the apical (top) end...

1.  The Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer) 
     
The stratum corneum is a  keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium
that contains four 
types of cells. The four cells types cells that make up the stratum conrneum are 1) keratinocytes, 2) melanocytes, 3) tactile epithelial
cells, and 4) dendritic cells 

    The stratum corneum is Latin for 'horny layer'. Its odd name comes from the dead squamous cells called corneocytes that make up the apical surface of the tissue. The corneocytes form several layers of flattened (squamous) cells with no nuclei and no  organelles. 
This is the layer that includes the final keratin product, which is a combination of cytokeratin and keratohyaline.
​
2.  *The Stratum Lucidum 
    The stratum lucidum is Latin for "clear layer". This epidermal layer gets its name from translucent appearance of the dead skin cells that make it up. *This layer only exists in the thick skin of the soles of your feet, your palms and your fingertips.

​3.   Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)
  
 The stratum granulosum  is Latin for granular layer. I
n this layer, the keratinocytes have become squamous cells that contain granules of keratohyaline, a precursor to the extracellular keratin that protects the skin tissue from abrasion.

​4. Stratum Spinosum (Prickle Cell Layer)
    The stratum spinosum is Latin for "spiny".
After forming in the basal cell layer, keratinocytes migrate upwards to form the stratum spinosum. In this layer, they develop short projections that attach via desmosomes to adjacent cells. The stratum spinosum is also known as the "prickly layer" because of these characteristic spines. The cells in this layer produce cytokeratin, an intermediate filament precursor to keratin.The cells in this layer experiences shrinking of its microfilaments during the slide staining process. 

​5. Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)
    T
he stratum basale is the deepest of the 5 epidermal layers. The primary cell of the epidermis is the keratinocyte stem cells which give a continuous supply of new cells to replace old dead ones. The stratum basale also contain sensory nerves called Meissner's (Tactile) Corpuscles that are sensitive to light tactile sensations (light touch). This layer also contains melaocytes which produce the pigment melanin which acts to filter out harmful UV radiation. 

Video of Skin Model for San Bernardino Valley College
​

Video of 3D Skin Model - Layers of the Epidermis
For Rio Hondo

This 3D skin model is identical to the one we use for our practical exam. The video below can be found at youtu.be/o3so9gKQItE
The epidermis is characterized as keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

The picture below is a close up of the epidermal region of our 3D skin model.

​The stratum basale in our 3D model appears at the interface between the wavy beige region and the gray region. It is a single-cell layer that has stem cells
Picture
Picture
3D Skin Model from San Bernardino Valley College
Picture
Picture
Picture

​

The Dermis and Hypodermis

Video of 3D Skin Model - Dermis and Hypodermis

Picture
Picture


3D Skin and Hair Follicle Model
Dermis and Hypodermis

Picture
Rio Hondo Model #2

VIDEO - Glands and Sensory Structures of the Skin

Melanocytes are specialized cells that lie within the skin. They produce a brown pigment (melanin)  that functions to provide protection from damaging UV radiation from the sun. The pigment filters out the UV light. When your skin is exposed to more sunlight, your melanocyte darken the skin by increasing the production of melanin.
Picture
Melanocytes - make melanin - makes skin dark.  Protects from UV Light. UV light is carcinogenic. This is why getting too much sun can cause skin cancer. 


Slides of Hair Follicle

Picture

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