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      • the Thoracic Cage
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      • The Appendicular Skeleton
      • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
      • joints
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      • Muscles - Intramuscular Injection Sites - WCU
      • Muscles of the Body - Review
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    • dissection of the fetal pig
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    • Female Reproductive System
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    • The Male Reproductive System and Male Contraception
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    • In-Vitro Fertilization
    • Infertility
    • Genetics of Reproduction
    • Prenatal and Maternity Care
    • The Pregnant Body
    • fetal development
    • Development of the Nervous System
    • Stages of Labor
    • Postpartum Issues
    • Twins
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    • pH Lab
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
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    • Volcano Project
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    • Time Management
  • Environmental Science
    • MIDTERM 2 STUDY GUIDE
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    • ENVS 105 Home Page
      • Midterm 3 Study Guide Population Ecology
      • Ecology II - Communities and Ecosystems
      • Module 1 Assignments
      • Module 2 Assignments
    • Inrtoduction to ENV SCI
    • Historical Perspective of ​Environmental Science
    • Biomes
    • FOOD CHAIN and FOOD WEB
    • Biogeochemical Recycling
    • Evolution - Our Beginning
    • Genetic Inheritance
    • Evolution: How Populations Change over Time
    • Symbiosis
    • Population Ecology
    • Competition in Nature
    • Herbivory
    • Niches
    • Fossil Fuels
  • Environmental Biology Laboratory
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • The Metric System
    • Ecological Roles of Living Organisms
      • The Basics
      • Bacteria - Ecological Roles
      • Protists - Ecological Roles
      • Fungus - Ecological Roles
      • Plantae and Animalia - Ecological Roles
    • Virtual FIELD TRIP TO THE RIO HONDO COLLEGE ​WILDLIFE SANCTUARY - Adaptations to Dry Climates
    • Microscopic Plant Adaptations
    • Natural Selection
    • GROWTH CURVES
    • SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
    • LC50 and LD50
    • How to Make a Solar Water Heater
    • WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
  • General Biology
    • Characteristics of Life
    • Chemistry of Life - Inorganic
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Introduction to The Cell
    • Photosynthesis and cellular Respiration
    • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
    • The Cell Cycle
    • REGULATION of The Cell Cycle
    • Mitosis
    • Meiosis
    • The Structure of DNA
    • Evolution
  • General Biology Laboratory
    • GENERAL BIOLOGY 101 LABORATORY HOME PAGE
      • Enzymes
      • OSMOSIS LAB
      • Lab 1 - Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
      • Lab 2 - Plantae and Animalia
      • Photosynthesis
      • Lab 5 - Introduction to Cells
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      • Lab 7 - Membrane Transport
      • Lab 8 - Enzymes
      • Lab 9 - Photosynthesis
      • Lab 10 Fermentation, Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Associated Major Organ Systems
    • GENERAL BIO 1110L Labs
      • lab 2 - CELLS - BIO 111L
      • lab 3 - DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS - BIO 111L
      • lab 4 - The Circulatory System - BIO 111L
      • lab 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
      • lab 7 - Reproduction - BIO 111L
      • DNA, GENES AND GENETIC INHERITANCE
      • lab 9 - GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      • lab 10 - ADAPTATIONS - BIO 111L
      • lab 11 - ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
  • Human Biology
    • A History of Human Biology
    • Levels of Organization
    • The Chemistry of Cells - ORGANIC
    • Cells
    • Cartilage SAC
    • BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUES
  • Human Biology Lab
    • Testing for Sugar, Starch and Proteins
    • Osmosis, Diffusion and Filtration
    • buffers
    • OSMOSIS LAB
    • Anatomical Planes
    • Body Cavities and Membranes
    • Anatomical Positions
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The SKULL
    • the Thoracic Cage
    • the vertebral column
  • Human Sexuality
    • Course Information
    • Course Calendar
    • Lesson 1 - Introduction to Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 2 - Genetic Inheritance of Human Sexuality
    • Lesson 3 - The Male Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 4 - The Female Reproductive Tract
    • Lesson 5 - The Menstrual Cycle
    • Midterm Exam Study Guide
    • Lesson 6 - Fetal Development and Sexual Differentiation
    • Lesson 7 - Disorders of Sexual Development
    • Lesson 8 - Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction
    • Lesson 9 - Fetishism
    • Lesson 10 - Sexuality Throughout the World
    • ​Lesson 11 - Sexuality Through the Ages
    • Lesson 12 - Sexual Harassment, Coercion and Violence
    • Final Exam Study Guide
  • Microbiology PORTAL
    • Microbiology - CPP
      • ​Intro to Microorganisms
      • Diseases
      • EPIDEMIOLOGY
      • HOST DEFENSES
      • PATHOGENICITY
      • History of Microbiology
      • Levels of Organization cpp
      • Bacteria versus Archaea
      • Intro. to Bacteria
      • Viruses and Prions
      • Microbial Genetics
      • Microbial Nutrition and Growth
        • Nutritional Categories
        • Microbial Metabolism
        • CONTROL OF BACTERIA GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTICS
      • Eukaryotic Organisms
      • Archaeal Diversity
      • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      • Bacteria vs Archaeal Structures
      • Taxonomic Classifications
      • Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells
      • MIC- CPP Course Calendar
    • Cell Theory
    • Chemistry of Life
      • Chemical Bonds
      • Chemical Reactions
    • Biofilms
    • Definition of Terms
  • Microbiology Laboratory
    • Cell Culture and Inoculations
    • aseptic technique
    • WET MOUNT
    • Streak Plate
    • Mannitol salt agar (MSA) Test
    • Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
    • Blood Agar
    • Dilution Series and Calculations
    • Phage Plaque Assay
    • MICROBIOLOGY UNKNOWN LAB
    • Microbiology Lab -study guide exam one
    • Ex 2 - Microorganisms
    • EX 3 - aseptic technique
    • Ex 4 - Smear Prep
    • Ex 5 - Simple Stains
    • Ex 6 - Negative Staining
    • Ex 8 - Gram Stain
    • Ex 9 - Acid-Fast Stain
    • Ex 10 - Endospore Stain
    • Ex 11 - Motility Test
    • ex 12 -​ Pure culture technique
    • ex 13 - UV Radiation
    • Ex 14 - Enumeration of Bacteria : Standard Plate Count
    • ex - 15 Effects of Temperature on Growth
    • ex 16 - Hand-washing
    • ex 17 - pH and microbial growth
    • ex 18 - Evaluation of Antiseptics
    • ex 19 - Antibiotic Sensitivity : Kirby-Bauer Method
  • HISTOTECHNOLOGY
  • The Brain
  • The Brain
  • The Structure of DNA
  • Contact
  • FUN ZONE
    • GAMES
    • Video Vault
    • Population Ecology - ACTIVITY
    • The Carbon Cycle - ACTIVITY
    • Evolution - ACTIVITY
    • The Cell Game
    • SYMBIOSIS ACTIVITY
    • THE LORAX ACTIVITY
    • Brittney the Kidney
    • From Soup to Poop
    • MITOSIS - THE NURSERY RHYME
    • Verne the Sperm and friends
      • Verne the Sperm pg1
        • Verne the Sperm pg2
        • Verne the Sperm pg3
        • Verne the Sperm pg4
        • Verne the Sperm pg5
  • Lab 6 - The Chemistry of Cells
  • A History of Anatomy
  • List of Pages
    • Microscopes
  • Cell Membranes and Osmosis
  • Chemistry of Life
  • Muscle Movements
  • The Muscles of the Head, Trunk and Shoulders
  • The Muscles of the Limbs
  • Nervous Tissue
  • The Brain - Anat and Physiology
  • Instructions for Taking BIO 3070
  • MTH 121 Algebra A - Course Schedule and Info
  • Laboratory Calendar CMC Spring 2019
  • Genetics Lab
  • Chemistry and Conversions Lab
  • Digestion and Enzymes Lab
  • Endocrine and Homeostasis Lab
  • Muscles and Reflexes Lab
  • Sensory Lab
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Blood Lab
  • Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiogram Lab
  • Respiratory Lab
  • Lab 11 Renal Lab
  • Blood Typing Game
  • Body Systems Interactive
  • Ch 9 - The Central Nervous System
  • Ch 10 - Sensory Systems
  • Neuron Virtual Laboratory
  • Virtual Eye Lab
  • Virtual pH Lab
  • Chemical Bonds Virtual Lab
  • Beer's Law Virtual Lab
  • Build-an-Atom Virtual Lab
  • Diffusion Virtual Lab
  • Ohm's Law Virtual Lab
  • New Page
  • Ch 8 - Nervous System

ENV BIO LAB MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE

I. The Metric System

What is the Metric System? 

​   
The metric system is a decimal system of measurement that  allows for easier conversion between different metric units of measurement. ​The metric system has inherent convenience it the way that it is set up. All of the prefixes are in powers of 10, which makes conversions much easier that conversions between English system measurements. ​​​The metric system was invented by the First French Republic back in 1799. It was based on the meter, and over the years has been expanded into larger measurements and subdivisions. The metric system is  also known as the International System of Units.  Interestingly, the United States remains as the only industrialized country that has not accepted the metric system as its official system of measurement. ​
Picture

WHY IS THE ENGLISH SYSTEM SO ODD?

Picture
    The English System of Measurement is not nearly so easy to work with. The idea of the foot as a unit of measurement actually came from a a man's foot, literally. The foot (the North German foot) measured 13.2 inches. The foot was used as the basis for the measurement of length. The foot then divided into 4 palms. 1 palm was equal 4 thumbs.  long, so palms became another unit of measurement. A cubit was made to be 2 feet long and an elne was 4 feet long.  A rod was 15 feet, a furlong was 10 rods.... YIKES

PictureThe foot was used as the basis for the measurement of length. The foot then divided into 4 palms. 1 palm was equal 4 thumbs.
    To make matter worse, the "foot" in one region was not equal in length to the "foot" of another region. This held true for all measurements. The lack of standardization made for a convoluted mess of oddly defines measurements that had no basis in any real science. For example, the yard, foot, inch, etc. were changed to  10⁄11 of their previous value. The rod went from 5 old yards to  5 1⁄2 new yards. 15 old feet were now to  16 1⁄2 new feet. The furlong went from 600 old feet (200 old yards) to 660 new feet (220 new yards). The acre went from 36,000 old square feet to 43,560 new square feet.

Converting Between English and Metric Units of Measurement

​English System
Metric System
2.54 inches (in.)
 1 centimeter (cm)
0.305 feet (ft)
1 meter (m)
0.614 yards (yd)
​1 meter (m)
​1.609 miles (mi.) 
1 kilometer (km)
​0.964 quarts (qt)
1 liter (L)
3.785 gallons (gal) ​
1 liter (L)
28.349 ounces (oz)
​1 gram (g)
0.484 pounds (lb)
 1 kilogram (kg)




MASS vs WEIGHTClick on the Image to go to the EXPLORATORIUM WEB PAGE and see what you would weigh on other worlds! www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/

   When we measure MASS, we are only considering the amount of matter the object/entity is made up of. In contrast, WEIGHT takes into consideration the force of gravity exerted on the object.

    In the metric system, weight is measured as Newtons. Newtons is a measure of FORCE. It refers to the force exerted on an object with mass by the gravitational pull it is exposed to. 
 

Mass is constant and does not change with respect to the gravitational pull that acts on the object. It is the scientific measure of the amount of matter an object is made up of. No matter where you are at given moment in time, mass is constant. Did you know you weigh more at sea level than you would on a mountain top? Gravity exerts more force on you as you get closer to the Earth's core. So if you want to lose weight, move to the mountain top! Unfortunately, you mass would not change when you make this move. 

Formula: W = MG
​
​Where:    (W) = Weight
                      (M) = Mass 
                        (g) = Gravitational Acceleration 


The value of (g) on Earth is = 9.8 m/s/s . The value of g changes when the acceleration due to gravitation changes. 

How to convert Grams to Pounds1 gram (g) is equal to 0.00220462262185 pounds (lbs).
1 g = 0.00220462262185 lb
The mass m in pounds (lb) is equal to the mass m in grams (g) divided by 453.59237:
m(lb) = m(g) / 453.59237
TEMPERATURESThe United States is one of the very few countries that uses degrees Fahrenheit as the measurement for temperature. The unit, degrees Fahrenheit was developed in the 1700's by G. Daniel Fahrenheit). 

     The unit of measurement for temperature used by pretty much the rest of the world, is degrees Celsius which was developed in the 18th Century. Sometimes for scientific temperature measurements, especially relating to chemistry and physics, is Kelvin. The Kelvin system has no negative numbers and goes as low as the theoretical "absolute zero." As energy is taken away from an atom or molecule, the temperature is asymptotically decreased  approaching, but never reaching, "absolute zero." The chemical properties of matter at its most fundamental level changes as we approach absolute zero. Liquid helium has been shown to go through glass and defy gravity at these extremely cold temperatures of only a few thousandths.

Fahrenheit is a temperature scale created by Daniel Gabriel Farenheit that bases the boiling point of water at 212 and the freezing point at 32. 
The three different temperature scales have been placed side-by-side in the chart here (created by Scientist Cindy of www.scientistcindy.com)  for comparison.
CONVERTING BETWEEN F and C
They both measure the same thing (temperature!), but use different numbers:
  • Boiling water measures 100° in Celsius, but 212° in Fahrenheit
  • And as water freezes it measures 0° in Celsius, but 32° in Fahrenheit
  • The scales start at a different number (0 vs 32), so we will need to add or subtract 32
  • The scales rise at a different rate (100 vs 180), so we will also need to multiply or divide
  • And so, to convert:
  • from Celsius to Fahrenheit: first multiply by 180/100, then add 32
    from Fahrenheit to Celsius: first subtract 32, then multiply by 100/180

But 180/100 can be simplified to 9/5, 
and 100/180 can be simplified to 5/9, so this is the easiest way:
°C to °F Multiply by 9, then divide by 5, then add 32
°F to °C Deduct 32, then multiply by 5, then divide by 9We can write each as a formula like this:

Celsius to Fahrenheit:   (°C × 9/5) + 32 = °F
​
Fahrenheit to Celsius:   (°F − 32) x 5/9 = °C
Measuring in Multiple DimensionsLength
1 DIMENSION = A meter is a 1-dimensional measurement of a thing. For example, we can say that a desk is 1.5 meters long. ​
Area
2 DIMENSIONS = When we measure 2 dimensions, we get the AREA of an object. We can make 2 1-dimension measurements  (length and width) and multiply them together to get the AREA with the units SQUARED. For example, to                                     measure the AREA of your desk top you measure the length (say it's 1.5 meters long) and then measure the width (say it's 0.5 meters long). Area is calculated by multiplying the length and width which gives us 0.75 meters squared (or to the 2nd power). 
Volume3-Dimensions - Sometimes we need to know how much total space a 3-dimensional object take up. This measurement is called VOLUME. For example, in order to measure the volume of an object like a cube, we must measure 3 dimensions; the length, the width and the height. 
    For other regularly shaped objects, the field of geometry has given us several formulas for finding volume. For example, the formula for calculating the volume of a cone, a prism and a sphere are shown below. 






Volume of a LiquidOK great.... but what about measuring liquids?  Liquids do not have a defined shape. However, we could fill up a container that has a defined shape, and then apply the volume formula to the container, assuming the container is really thin. This would work. Luckily for us, special measuring tools for measure liquid have done this work for us!

    In the metric system, the unit for volume of a liquid is mL. The mL was derived from the cubic centimeter, or CC. Hospitals and laboratories often use CC as the unit of measurement for drug injections. 

     Graduated Cylinders are calibrated and are very accurate when used and read correctly. In order to read a graduated cylinder correctly, you must take the value of the measurement that is at the BOTTOM of the MENISCUS. 
​     The meniscus is the concave formation that the surface of a liquid forms in a cylinder. This happens because water has a natural cohesive property that tends to cling to the slide of the container it is in. The smaller the surface area of the exposed surface of the liquid is, the more predominant the meniscus will be. 

    The measurement should be taken from the bottom of the meniscus. For example, the correct measurement of the liquid in the graduated cylinder shown here, is 20 mL.

Image Courtesy of By PRHaney - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9472731


Graduated CylinderVOLUME to Mass ConversionsConveniently, 1 mL of water = g of water.   You may also want to note that a cubic centimeter (cc) is also equal to 1mL and equal to 1 gram (g). 

For example, 10 mL of water = 10 g
                               40 mL of water = 40 g

A more challenging example... 
1 mL of water = g of water

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